1、Designation: D7563 10Standard Test Method forEvaluation of the Ability of Engine Oil to Emulsify Water andSimulated Ed85 Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7563; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a qualitative procedure tomeasure the ability of a specific volume of engine
3、oil toemulsify a specific added volume of combined water andsimulated Ed85 fuel upon agitation in a high-speed blender andto retain this emulsified state for at least 24 h at temperaturesof both 20 C to 25 C and -5 C to 0 C.1.2 Information Letters are published periodically by theASTM Test Monitorin
4、g Center (TMC) to update this and othertest methods under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D02.B0.Copies of these letters can be obtained by writing the Center.21.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standa
5、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
6、M Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Engine OilsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD57
7、98 Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel
8、ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants. D48063.1.2 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend of ethanol andhydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D57983.1.3 engine oil, nliquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between th
9、e moving parts within an engine; removesheat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves asa combustion gas sealant for piston rings.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation,
10、 and foaming are examples.D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 simulated Ed85 fuel, nlaboratory blend made tosimulate Ed85 fuel by mixing 85 % denatured fuel ethanol and15 % unleaded gasoline by volume.3.2.2 test oil, nany engine oil subjected to evaluation inthis test metho
11、d.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Distilled water, simulated Ed85 fuel, and the test oil areemulsified in a high-speed blender. Portions of the resultingemulsion are stored in two graduated cylinders (or suitablydimensioned alternative containers) at temperatures of 20 C to25 C and -5 C to 0 C for 24 h
12、. Presence or absence of anaqueous layer at the bottom of either of the containers after thistime interval is observed and reported.5. Significance and Use5.1 During engine operation, engine oil can become con-taminated by water and fuel. In the case of Ed85 fuels, thiscontamination can result in a
13、non-emulsified aqueous bottomlayer in the oil that can affect the lubrication and detergency of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.07 on Development and Surveillance of Bench Test
14、s Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published March 2010.2Information letters may be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center,6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489. www.standards.astmtmc.cmu.edu.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
15、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the engine oil. To avoid fi
16、eld problems, engine oil should becapable of emulsifying water contamination to the extent thatno aqueous layer appears.5.2 The test described in this method is designed to evaluatethe ability of an engine oil, contaminated with a specifiedamount of water (volume fraction of 10 % of the original oil
17、sample) and simulated Ed85 fuel (also a volume fraction of10 % of the original oil sample), to emulsify the water afteragitation in a blender and to maintain this emulsion attemperatures of 20 C to 25 C and -5 C to 0 C for at least24 h.5.3 This test method has potential use in specifications ofengin
18、e lubricating oils, such as Specification D4485.6. Apparatus and Supporting Equipment6.1 BlenderCommercial laboratory blender with its asso-ciated glass or stainless steel liquid container having suitableblending capacity for this use and a blade rotating at approxi-mately 10 000 r/min 6 2000 r/min
19、as measured by a strobo-scopic tachometer.NOTE 1This speed is generally equivalent to the low-speed setting ontwo-speed commercial mixers or the “2” or “3” setting on seven-speedcommercial mixers.6.2 Glass, Graduated CylindersUnless otherwise stated,all graduated cylinders shall conform to Specifica
20、tion E1272,Class B, Style I.6.2.1 For Measuring Volume of Test Oil and UnleadedFuelHaving a capacity of 250 mL with graduation marks of2 mL.6.2.2 For Measuring Volumes of Simulated Ed85 Fuel andWaterHaving a capacity of 25 mL with graduation marks of0.2 mL.6.2.3 For Preparing the Simulated Ed85 Fuel
21、Glass-stoppered and conforming to Specification E1272, Class B,Style II and having a capacity of 1 L with graduation marks of10 mL.6.3 Containers for Observation of Emulsified SamplesUse either of the following types:6.3.1 Glass-stoppered, graduated cylinders conforming toSpecification E1272, Class
22、B, Style II and having a capacity of100 mL with graduation marks of 1 mL (see Fig. 1).6.3.2 Glass, flat-bottomed, sample bottles with an outerdiameter of approximately 30 mm, a minimum height of150 mm and capable of being closed by a solvent resistantscrew cap (see Fig. 1). The height of the bottles
23、 should be suchthat 100 mL of fluid comes below the shoulder to allowaccurate measurement of the height of 100 mL of emulsion(see 9.6 and X1.2.1).NOTE 2A simple way of marking the sample bottles is to pour100 mL of water from a graduated cylinder into each clean and dry bottle,mark the level of the
24、water meniscus on the bottle (suggest using a glassscribing tool or triangular metal file), and dry the bottle before proceeding.6.4 Temperature Chambers:6.4.1 Cold cabinet or refrigerator capable of controllingtemperature within a range of -5 C to 0 C.6.4.2 Warm cabinet or oven capable of controlli
25、ng tempera-ture within a range of 20 C to 25 C.6.5 Time-Measuring Equipment:6.5.1 Stopwatch or other timer capable of measuring 1 minwith a minimum precision of 6 1s.6.5.2 Clock or other timer capable of measuring 24 h with aminimum precision of 6 5 min.6.6 Laboratory Hood Vented Exteriorly or Other
26、 Well-Ventilated Work SpaceSuitable for pouring volatile, flam-mable fluids such as denatured fuel ethanol and gasoline intograduated cylinders and containers. Ensure there is no ignitionsource within the hood or nearby when using an open workspace, particularly at lower levels where hydrocarbon vol
27、atilestend to congregate.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water that meetsor exceeds that defined as Type IV of Specification D1193.7.2 Denatured Fuel EthanolUse product conforming toSpecification D4806. Re
28、fer to Specification D4806 and Prac-tice D5854 for information on container selection, storage andhandling. Product stored for more than three months should bechecked to ensure it has not deteriorated or been contaminatedbefore use. (WarningDanger! Extremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire.)7.
29、3 Unleaded GasolineUse only Haltermann EEE un-leaded fuel coded HF003.4Fuel stored for more than threemonths should be checked to ensure it has not deteriorated orbeen contaminated before use. (WarningDanger! Extremelyflammable. Health Hazard.)7.4 Cleaning SolventsReagent grade acetone and isooc-tan
30、e. (WarningDanger! Extremely flammable. Vapors maycause flash fire.)8. Hazards8.1 Specific HazardsBecause of fire danger, carefullypour denatured fuel ethanol and gasoline into graduatedcylinders and containers in a laboratory hood, preferably fromcontainers of capacity no greater than about 2 L. Se
31、e also 7.2and 7.3.9. Procedure9.1 Clean blender and other glassware with isooctane fol-lowed by acetone (see warning in 7.4).9.1.1 First, rinse total inner surface of all vessels threetimes with isooctane followed by similarly rinsing three timeswith acetone and dry thoroughly.9.2 Blending the Simul
32、ated Ed85 Fuel:9.2.1 In a laboratory hood, carefully pour denatured fuelethanol (see warning in 7.2 and Section 8) into a clean, dry,graduated cylinder with capacity of 1 L (see 6.2.3) so that thebottom of the meniscus is exactly at the mark at 850 mL.9.2.2 Carefully pour the gasoline (see warning i
33、n 7.3 andSection 8) into the same graduated cylinder so that the bottom4The sole source of supply of this fuel known to the committee at this time isHaltermann Products, 1201 Sheldon Road, P.O Box 429, Channelview, TX77530-0429 ( If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this informat
34、ion to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.D7563 102of the meniscus is exactly at the mark at 1000 mL. Close thegraduated cylinder with the glass stopper.9.2.3 Place the graduated
35、cylinder in a refrigerated cabinetheld at -5 C to 0 C for 10 min. Remove, hold the glassstopper firmly in place, and upend the graduated cylinder tentimes to mix the contents.NOTE 3When dealing with fuels in a closed container, it is goodlaboratory practice to chill the container to prevent any buil
36、d-up of vaporpressure during agitation. Mixing the two fluids by upending is preferableto shaking because, if too vigorous, the latter may cause a build up ofvapor pressure. Moreover, shaking two miscible components in anelongated graduated cylinder does not assure thorough mixing.9.2.3.1 Unless usi
37、ng immediately, store the stoppered,graduated cylinder in a refrigerated cabinet held at -5 C to0 C. For next use, allow the graduated cylinder and contents toreturn to ambient temperature and upend ten times to ensurecontents are mixed. Discard any unused simulated Ed85 fuelafter three months.NOTE
38、4Such storage avoids the loss of the more volatile componentsof the simulated Ed85 fuel which otherwise may adversely affect the test.9.3 Using a graduated cylinder (see 6.2.1), pour 185 6 2mLof the test oil into the clean, dry blender.9.4 Using separate graduated cylinders (see 6.2.2), pour18.5 6 0
39、.3 mL each of the simulated Ed85 fuel and water intothe blender.9.5 Place the lid on the blender and blend for 60 s 6 1sat10 000 r/min 6 2000 r/min.9.6 When blending is completed, pour the blended emulsioninto each of two, clean graduated cylinders (see 6.3.1)ortwoFIG. 1 Observation Containers: Grad
40、uated Cylinder with Ground Glass Stopper and Flat-bottom Sample Bottle with CapD7563 103previously marked bottles (see 6.3.2 and Note 2) to the mark at100 mL (or use a graduated cylinder to pour 100 mL into eachof two, clean sample bottles; see 6.3.2). Close the graduatedcylinders with their glass s
41、toppers (or appropriately cap thesample bottles). Place one of the two containers in a refriger-ated cabinet held at -5 C to 0 C for 24 h 6 0.5 h and the otherin a warm cabinet held at 20 C to 25 C for 24 h 6 0.5 h.9.7 At the completion of the 24 h 6 0.5 h storage period,remove the containers from t
42、he temperature controlling cabi-nets and observe the presence or absence of an aqueous layerat the bottom of either or both the containers.9.7.1 Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 show examples of differentappearances of emulsion and aqueous layers.9.7.1.1 Fig. A1.1 shows a comparison of samples with andwithou
43、t aqueous layers at the bottom of the 100 mL graduatedcylinders.9.7.1.2 The material at the bottom of the cylinder in Fig.A1.1(d) is considered to be an oil-continuous emulsion, asopposed to an aqueous layer, because the layer is not obviouslytransparent or clear, is of a milky-white/semi-opaque app
44、ear-ance (as opposed to the samples designated as showing anaqueous layer) and has no separation or space between themilky-white fluid volume and the volume of fluid materialabove it.9.7.1.3 Fig. A1.2 shows samples in the sample bottles inwhich the water is completely emulsified.9.7.2 An aqueous lay
45、er is considered present if there is atranslucent or semi-transparent or transparent lowest layer inthe graduated cylinder.9.7.3 If there is no translucent or semi-transparent or trans-parent lowest layer in the graduated cylinder, no aqueous layeris considered present.9.7.4 If it is desired to quan
46、tify the amount of each phase,proceed as directed in Appendix X1.9.8 Clean blender and other glassware thoroughly as de-scribed in 9.1.10. Report10.1 Observable Aqueous Layer at the Bottom of the Con-tainer:10.1.1 If an aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.2 for the
47、blended test mixture stored at20 C to 25 C, report this fact as observable aqueous layer at20 C to 25 C.10.1.2 If an aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.2 for the blended test mixture stored at-5 C to 0 C, report this fact as observable aqueous layer at-5 C to 0 C.1
48、0.2 No Observable Aqueous Layer at the Bottom of theContainer:10.2.1 If no aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.3 for the blended test mixture stored at20 C to 25 C, report this fact as no observable aqueous layerat 20 C to 25 C.10.2.2 If no aqueous layer was observe
49、d at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.3 for the blended test mixture stored at-5 C to 0 C, report this fact as no observable aqueous layer at-5 C to 0 C.10.3 Reference this ASTM test method when reportingresults obtained using the test method.11. Precision and Bias511.1 No statistical information is presented about either theprecision or bias of Test Method D7563 for measuring theemulsion retention properties of engine oil since the test resultis non-quantitative.11.1.1 However, a round r
