1、Designation: D7577 12 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Accelerated Iron Corrosion Rating ofDenatured Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Fuel Blends1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the ability of inhibited anduninhibited Et
3、hanol Fuel Blends defined by SpecificationD5798 and Denatured Fuel Ethanol defined by SpecificationD4806 to resist corrosion of iron should water become mixedwith the fuel, using an accelerated laboratory test method.Corrosion ratings are reported based on a visual, numberedrating scale.1.2 The valu
4、es stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
5、health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Sections 7 and 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for SteelBars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-WroughtA108 Specification
6、for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-FinishedD665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics ofInhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Pr
7、oducts, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision an
8、d Bias inASTM Test MethodsE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D4175.3.1.2 Fuel C, na volumetric mixture of 50 volume percentreference fue
9、l grade toluene and 50 volume percent referencefuel grade isooctane.3.1.2.1 DiscussionSpecifications for reference fuel gradetoluene and reference fuel grade isooctane can be found in TestMethod D2699.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 HDPE, nhigh density polyethylene3.2.2 PTFE, nPolytetrafluoroethylene4. Summ
10、ary of Test Method4.1 A polished steel test rod is immersed in a mixture of thetest sample and water at a ratio of 10 parts fuel sample to 1 partwater and held at a temperature of 37 C to 39 C (98 F to102 F) for 1 h.4.2 At the end of 1 h, the test rod is removed, rinsed andrated according to a numer
11、ic corrosion rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test is designed to be used as a rapid measure of theoverall relative corrosivity of Ethanol Fuel Blends (Specifica-tion D5798) and Denatured Fuel Ethanol (SpecificationD4806) to iron (steel).5.2 The test can be used to compare corrosion inhi
12、bitordosage levels and effectiveness of various corrosion inhibitorsas they pertain to protecting iron (steel) materials fromcorrosion.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralTwo test apparatus have been evaluated andfound to give comparable results.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 o
13、nPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7577 12. DOI:10
14、.1520/D7577-12R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.1 Large sample volume (300 mL) apparatus specified inTest Method D665.6.1.2 Small sample volume (30 mL to 75 mL) apparatusspecified in 6.2.6.2 Small Volume Test Apparatus (Fig. 1).6.2.1 Compared to Test Method D665, the small
16、 volume testapparatus is lower in cost and allows for use of smallervolumes of samples to improve the safety of the measurement.Different apparatus and components that achieve the sameresults may be used.6.2.2 Hot plate/stir plate or water bath capable of maintain-ing a temperature of 37 C to 39 C (
17、98 F to 102 F) andstirring at a rate of 900 r min 6 100 r min.6.2.3 150 mL to 200 mL borosilicate glass beakers to holdwater to serve as a water bath.6.2.4 50 mL to 150 mL borosilicate, flat bottom, glass testjar to hold test sample.6.2.5 Jar covers made of HDPE or other material compatiblewith etha
18、nol, water and gasoline with three holes:6.2.5.1 A hole to suspend the steel test rod into the testsample,6.2.5.2 A hole for the thermometer,6.2.5.3 A hole for inserting a syringe needle to add water tothe test sample.6.2.6 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) coated magnetic stirbar.6.2.7 The small volum
19、e test apparatus shall be designed sothat at least 50 % of the test rod surface is below the surface ofthe test material.6.3 Grinding and sanding apparatus, capable of rotating thesteel test rod at 1700 r min to 1800 r min for manual sanding.6.4 Timing device, capable of taking readings with a dis-c
20、rimination of 1 min or better.6.5 Analytical balance, at least 100 g capacity, capable ofweighing accurately to at least 0.001 g.6.6 Temperature measuring device, Any thermometer with atemperature range that includes 37 C to 39 C (89 F toFIG. 1 Recommended Small Volume Test ApparatusD7577 12 (2016)2
21、102 F), with one degree graduation subdivisions and conform-ing to the requirements prescribed in Specification E2251.Alternatively, calibrated thermcouples may be used.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 WaterReferences to water shall be understood to meanreagent water of grade Specification D1193 Type II
22、 or better.7.2 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other
23、 grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2.1 Acetic acid(WarningCorrosive. Health hazard.)7.2.2 Acetone(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.3 Formic acid(WarningCorrosiv
24、e. Health hazard.)7.2.4 Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane)(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.5 Reagent alcohol(WarningFlammable. Healthhazard.)containing 90 volume % ethanol, 5 volume %isopropanol, 5 volume % methanol and 0.1 volume % water.NOTE 1The specified reagent alcohol must be used to achi
25、eveequivalent results and ratings to that reported in this test method.7.2.6 Sodium chloride.7.2.7 Toluene(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.8 Fuel CA mixture of 50 volume percent toluene and50 volume percent isooctane.7.3 Polishing Material4Abrasive cloth, silicon carbide oraluminum oxide, 100 g
26、rit.7.4 Pipette3 mL to 30 mL capacity, dependent on theamount of water required for a ratio of 10 to 1 test sample towater.7.5 Graduated cylinder50 mL to 300 mL capacity, depen-dent on the test apparatus, with divisions of 5 % or better of thetotal volume. For example, 50 mL sample volume should bem
27、easured using a graduated cylinder with graduations of2.5 mL or less.7.6 Steel Test Rods:7.6.1 The steel test rod, when new, shall be 12.7 mm(0.5 in.) in diameter and approximately 68 mm (21116 in.) inlength exclusive of the threaded portion that screws into thePTFE holder and shall be tapered at on
28、e end as shown in Fig.2.7.6.2 The steel test rods shall be made of steel conformingto UNS Grade G10180 (AISI 1018) per Specification A108(chemistry listed in Specification A29/A29M).7.6.3 Discard reused rods when the diameter is reduced to9.5 mm (0.375 in.).7.7 PTFE holders for steel test rodsThe PT
29、FE holderscrews onto the threaded end of the steel test rod.8. Hazards8.1 PhysicalCare should be taken when manually polish-ing the steel test rods to avoid injury to hands. This test methodalso uses aggressive organic solvents; safety glasses should beworn at all times.8.2 ChemicalFlammable, toxic
30、and corrosive chemicalsare used in this test procedure. It is the responsibility of theuser to follow appropriate handling and storage procedures.8.2.1 The test shall be run in a well-ventilated space or in afume hood to avoid build up and exposure to fuel vapors. Testjar covers and secondary spill
31、containers (water bath) are usedto reduce the concentration of vapors and contain fuel spills.9. Standard Preparation9.1 Standards 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Table 1 shall be preparedand tested when the test method is initially set-up in thelaboratory or to demonstrate equivalency of test equipment.9.2 It
32、is required that one or more of the standards beprepared and tested in the following instances:9.2.1 When new steel test rods are received.9.2.2 When new operators are being trained on this proce-dure.9.3 Testing of the standards in Table 1 provide the operatorand individual laboratory with visual e
33、xamples of the ratingscale.9.4 Standards are prepared by mixing 84 volume % reagentalcohol, 15 volume % Fuel C and 1 volume % water containingvarious concentrations of sodium chloride, formic acid andacetic acid. The final concentrations of chloride ion, formic3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical S
34、ociety Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaco
35、peial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.4The sole source of supply of the abrasive cloth known to the committee at thistime is available as Part No. 8230A76 from McMaster-Carr Supply Co., PO Box4355, Chicago, IL, 60680-4355. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this informati
36、on to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 2 Dimensions of New Steel Test RodD7577 12 (2016)3acid and acetic acid are shown in Table 1. Standard concen-trations shall be prepare
37、d within 610 % of the stated values inTable 1.9.5 Example standard preparations are shown in Table 2.Water or water solutions containing sodium chloride, formicacid and acetic acid are added to a 500 mL volumetric flaskcontaining approximately 300 mL of reagent alcohol. Afterstirring to mix, 75 mL o
38、f Fuel C is added and reagent alcoholis added to reach the 500 mL volume mark on the flask. Thesolutions are stirred until mixed adequately.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Heat the water bath to a temperature of 37 C to 39 C(98 F to 102 F).11. Preparation of Corrosion Test Rod11.1 It is very import
39、ant that clean, oil-free gloves are used,or similar precautions are taken, to avoid contamination of thetest rod and abrasive cloth with fingerprints or other oils.11.2 For new test rods, thoroughly clean the surfacessequentially with acetone, toluene and isooctane to remove oilsand other contaminat
40、ion before sanding the surface.11.3 Mount the test rod in the chuck of the grinding andsanding apparatus.11.4 Rotate the test rod at a speed of 1700 r min to1800 r min while sanding the surface with a strip of theabrasive cloth.11.4.1 Preliminary SandingHold the 100 grit abrasivecloth strip perpendi
41、cular to the long-axis of the test rod so thatcircular grooves are formed all along the length of the rod.Move the cloth along the axis of the test rod. All rust andirregularities must be removed.11.4.2 Surface MarkingRub a new piece of abrasive clothlongitudinally over the static test rod until the
42、 entire surfaceshows visible scratches.11.4.3 Final SandingUsing a new piece of abrasive cloth,hold the 100 grit abrasive cloth strip perpendicular to thelong-axis of the test rod so that circular grooves are formed allalong the length of the rod. Move the cloth along the axis untilall visible surfa
43、ce scratches from 11.4.2 have been removed.11.5 Using a clean cloth or wipe, remove the test-rod fromthe chuck. Do not tough the surfaces with fingers.11.6 Attach the PTFE rod holder.11.7 Wipe the rod with a clean, lintless cloth or tissue.11.8 Rinse the rod with acetone.11.9 Store cleaned and sande
44、d test rods in isooctane untiluse. Time between sanding and use should not exceed 1 h whenstored in isooctane and should not exceed 5 min when notstored in isooctane.12. Procedure12.1 Prepare the corrosion test-rod and test apparatus inaccordance with Sections 10 and 11.12.2 Transfer the test sample
45、 or standard into the test jarusing a graduated cylinder.12.2.1 Use 300 mL of test sample or standard for the largesample volume apparatus specified in Test Method D665.12.2.2 Use 30 mL to 75 mL of test sample or standard forthe small sample volume apparatus specified in 6.2.12.3 Place the stir bar
46、or other stirring tool into the test jarand cover with the jar cover.12.4 It is very important that clean, oil-free gloves are used,or similar precautions are taken, to avoid contamination of thetest rod with fingerprints or other oils.12.5 Insert the previously polished corrosion test rod withits h
47、older down into the jar cover until at least half of the rodis immersed in the test sample or standard. The test rod shallnot touch the bottom of the jar.12.5.1 Do not let the clean test rod rub against the jar coverif a plastic cover is used. Transfer of material to the test rod canaffect test resu
48、lts.12.6 Insert the thermometer (6.6) into the jar cover until thetip is immersed in the test sample or standard.12.7 Place the test-jar assembly containing the stirring tool,test sample or standard, test rod and thermometer (if used) intothe pre-heated heating bath.12.8 Start stirring the sample or
49、 standard at a rate sufficientto uniformly heat the solution.12.9 When the sample or standard temperature reaches37 C to 39 C (98 F to 102 F), inject water into the testsample or standard using a syringe.NOTE 2The addition of the water does not cause phase separation;because of the ethanol matrix of the test fuels covered in this scope of thismethod, the water is completely soluble in the test samples.12.9.1 Aratio of ten parts test sample or standard to one partwater shall be used. For example, 75 mL of test sample orstan
