1、Designation: D7592 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forSpecification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation GasolineCertification and Test Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications forpurchases of av
3、iation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviationgasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment or conditions of use m
4、ay permit a wider, or require anarrower, range of characteristics than is shown by thisspecification.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at thetime and place of delivery.1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified here
5、in is forcertification and testing of an engine and engine components.1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibrationand FAA certification.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1
6、 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics
7、of MotorFuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of AviationFuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700(Withdrawn 1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)
8、D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Abov
9、e 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)3D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Di
10、stillate FuelsD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviatio
11、n FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD
12、4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation Fuels1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the dir
13、ect responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation EngineFuels.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7592 14. DOI:10.1520/D7592-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of
15、Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and
16、 Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D6227 Spe
17、cification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con-taining a Non-hydrocarbon ComponentD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 unleaded aviation gas
18、oline, ngasoline possessingspecific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered byreciprocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not inten-tionally added for the purpose of enhancing octane perfor-mance.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-
19、free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.4. Classification4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,known as:Grade UL94NOTE 1The above grade is based on its octane number as measuredby Test Method D2700 motor method.5. Mater
20、ials and Manufacture5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci-fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refinedhydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline,or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both.5.2 AdditivesThese
21、may be added to each grade of un-leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials.4Thequantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also bedeclared.5.2.1 AntioxidantsTh
22、e following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.5.2.1.1 2, 6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.5.2.1.2 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.3 2, 6
23、-ditertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2, 6-ditertiary butylphenol plus25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28
24、% maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.5.2.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used:5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the r
25、equirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Thismay be used in concentrations recommended by the aircraftmanufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratingsbelow minimum specification values in a similar manner to Specificati
26、onD910 Leaded Aviation Gasoline (see X1.2.3).55.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII), may be used in concentrations of 0.10 volume % to0.15 volume % when required by the aircraft owner/operator.5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 m
27、ay be used to determine theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4506in con-centrations up to 3 mg L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a
28、maximumcumulative level of 5 mg L of Stadis 450.65.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 24.0 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15.0 g/m3HITEC 580 M
29、AC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m36. Detailed Requirements6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results
30、 shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requirement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 usin
31、g Practice E29. Where multiple4Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1125.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtain
32、ed by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1256.6Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., InnospecManufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.D7592 152determinations are made, the average result, rounded accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.7. W
33、orkmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity underusual conditions of han
34、dling and use shall be present.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following PracticeD4177 may be useful in certain situations, init
35、ial refineryspecification compliance testing shall be performed on asample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties,including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and othersare very sensitive to trace contamination which can originatefr
36、om sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D4306.9. Reports9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleadedaviation gasoline.10. Test Methods
37、10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods:10.1.1 Knock ValueMON (Test Method D2700) and RON(Test Method D2699).TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation GasolineAOctane Ratings Grade 94 ASTM Test MethodBKnock
38、 value, Motor Octane NumberCmin 94.0 D2700Knock value, Research Octane Num-berCmin Report D2699Identifying Color colorlessDensity at 15 C, kg/m3Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590
39、volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 190DD86Sumof10%+50%evaporatedtemperatures, Cmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191EFreezing point,C max -58FD2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622Net heat of combust
40、ion, MJ/kgGmin 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability(5 h aging)HD873Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450ID2624Tetraethyl Lead, g Pb/L max 0.0130 D3237 or D5059AFor complianc
41、e of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.CKnock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.DSupporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesti
42、ng Research Report RR:D02-1801. Contact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.ETest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.FIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58 C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58 C.GFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Meth
43、od D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.HIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case th
44、egum content shall not exceed 10 mg 100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg L.IApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condit
45、ion at point of use:Minimum 50 pS m.Maximum 450 pS m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D7592 15310.1.2 DensityTest Methods D1298 or D4052.10.1.3 DistillationTest Method D86.10.1.4 Vapor PressureTest Methods D323 or D5191.10.1.5 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.10.1.6 SulfurTest M
46、ethod D2622.10.1.7 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4529 orD3338.10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Method D130,2htest at 100 C in bomb.10.1.9 Potential GumTest Method D873, except thatwherever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time) insertthe number 5, designating the number of hours
47、prescribed inthis specification.10.1.10 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.10.1.11 Electrical ConductivityTest Method D2624.10.1.12 Lead-Test MethodsTest Methods D3237 orD5059 (Test Method C).11. Keywords11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;unleaded aviation gasolineAPPENDIX(Nonmanda
48、tory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINEX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture ofrelatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in theirphysical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraftimpose a variety of mechanical,
49、physical, and chemical envi-ronments. The properties of unleaded aviation gasoline (TableX1.1) must be properly balanced to give satisfactory engineperformance over an extremely wide range of conditions.X1.1.2 The ASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 arequality limits established on the basis of the broad experienceand close cooperation of producers of unleaded aviationgasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of bothcommodities. The values given are intended to define unleadedaviation gasoline suitable for most ty
