1、Designation: D7601 10Standard Practice forPressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/BundleEvaluation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the inspection, performance testing,autopsy and analytical work associated with evaluating pres-sure drive
3、n membrane separation elements (MF, UF, NF andRO).1.2 This practice is applicable for elements when newlymanufactured or at any time during their operation in a watertreatment facility. The Analytical section covers only mem-brane surface and foulant analyses.1.3 The data derived from these tests sh
4、ould be evaluatedversus newly manufactured elements/bundles or against oper-ating systems when they were initially brought on-stream, orboth. Industry norms can also be used for comparative pur-poses.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3923 Practices for Detecting Leaks i
6、n Reverse Osmosisand Nanofiltration DevicesD4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD4472 Guide for Recordkeeping for Reverse Osmosis andNanofiltration SystemsD4516 Practice for Standardizing Reverse Osmosis Perfor-mance DataD5090 Practice for St
7、andardizing Ultrafiltration PermeateFlow Performance DataD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pro-cessesD6908 Practice for Integrity Testing of Water FiltrationMembrane SystemsD7285 Guide for Recordkeeping Microfiltration and Ultra
8、-filtration Systems3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D1129 and Terminology D6161.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice discusses the inspection of the pressuredriven membrane separation elements required for individualunits to be readied for a vi
9、sual inspection or an autopsy that canbe performed to ascertain structural integrity (Practice D6908)and cleanliness. Visual inspection is non-destructive testing;autopsy requires the dismantlement of the element.4.2 Performance testing of an element are discussed that canbe accomplished on or off l
10、ine, in a single or multi-elementhousing under conditions proscribed by the user or elementmanufacturer or Test Methods D4194. The data collected(Guides D4472 and D7285) must then be normalized (PracticesD4516 and D5090) to a set of conditions that permit theelements performance to be compared to an
11、 as-new unit.4.3 Laboratory analyses are presented that include visual,usually non-destructive, as well as specialized instrumentation,usually destructive testing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Water treatment membrane devices can be used toproduce potable water from brackish supplies and seawater aswel
12、l as to upgrade the quality of industrial water. This standardpermits the evaluation of the integrity and performance of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current editio
13、n approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D7601-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
14、bsite.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.membrane elements using visual observations and standardsets of conditions and are for short-term testing ( 24 h). Thisstandard can be used to determine changes that may haveoccur
15、red in the operating characteristics of elements but are notintended to be used for plant design.6. Tests6.1 Physical Inspection:6.1.1 Spiral Wound Elements:6.1.1.1 Disconnect element housing from the operatingsystem and remove element to be inspected from housing,placing it on a work table.6.1.1.2
16、Examine the element for cracked or dislodged, orboth, end caps, telescoping, discolored scrolls, fiberglass dis-coloration and cracks, contaminants on fiberglass surface andin product tube, and any other abnormalities.6.1.1.3 Weigh element and compare to the nominal as-newunit weight supplied by the
17、 manufacturer.6.1.1.4 Record findings.6.1.1.5 If element is to be reinserted into operating systemor other flow tests are to be performed at a later time, visualtesting should not be too long as to dry out the element.6.1.2 Hollow Fiber Elements:6.1.2.1 Visual Inspection:(1) Disconnect element from
18、the operating system, placingit on a work table.(2) Examine the element for cracked nub or tube sheet, orboth, telescoping, outer wrapping discoloration and cracks,contaminants on outer wrapping surface and in feed tube, andany other abnormalities.(3) Weigh element and compare to the nominal as-new
19、unitweight supplied by the manufacturer.(4) Record findings.(5) If element is to be reinserted into operating system orother flow tests are to be performed at a later time, visualtesting should not be too long as to dry out the element,thereby, adversely affecting the membrane continuity6.1.2.2 Rod
20、Test (when it is proper):(1) The rod test is used to detect a collapse or obstructedfeed tube, brine tube or distributor. For this test, a simple rodthat is at least the length of the bundle(s) and has a diameterslightly smaller than the tube(s) to be tested is employed. Thetest can be accomplished
21、without dismantling the bundle.(2) Remove the plugs or connections, isolating the tube tobe tested.(3) Insert the rod into the tube to the maximum penetrationpossible.(4) An unobstructed tube will allow full penetration. Anobstructed tube will not allow full penetration indicatingdamage. Repair, if
22、possible, will require disassembly of theelement/housing.6.2 Performance:6.2.1 Probing of Spiral Wound Elements:6.2.1.1 Test is performed for identifying which spiral ele-ment in a multi-element housing is defective. It is performedon a system that is operating by assessing radical changes inconduct
23、ivity from one end of the element to the other. Thelocation of the flaws further back from the permeate tube canbe obscured by the permeate mixing before the permeatereaches the tube.6.2.1.2 A typical probe design is seen in Figs. 1 and 2 andcan also be obtained from element manufacturer.6.2.1.3 Pro
24、duct conductivity data collection should be ob-tained every 2 to 6 in.6.2.1.4 Look for abnormal or discontinuous changes inconductivity.6.2.1.5 Assess integrity of membrane and glue lines fromthis information.6.2.2 Wet-Test (Refer to Test Methods D4194 and GuidesD4472 and D7285):6.2.2.1 Disconnect e
25、lement housing from operating systemand remove element to be inspected from housing, placing it ona work table.6.2.2.2 Insert element into single unit housing and appro-priately connect the utility lines.6.2.2.3 Wet test element at standard conditions for theelement. Test conditions can be determine
26、d by using themembrane manufacturers product data sheets. The as-newperformance (flow, rejection, differential pressure drop) ofelement can also be obtained from the membrane manufactur-ers product data sheets.6.2.2.4 If it is impractical to follow exactly the standardconditions specified by the mem
27、brane manufacturer, otheroperating conditions can be employed. The data is thennormalized to standard conditions using the equations given inPractices D4516 and D5090 so that a comparison to as-newperformance can be made.6.2.3 Integrity and Leak Testing:6.2.3.1 Integrity and leak testing of elements
28、 at frequentintervals are very important so that systems can conform togovernmental regulations.6.2.3.2 Procedures for these tests are given in PracticesD3923 and Practice D6908.FIG. 1 Product Sampling ProbeD7601 1026.3 AutopsyAutopsy is performed when all the non-destructive tests have been carried
29、 out and the cause forelement or system mal-performance has not been fully deter-mined. When autopsy is undertaken on an individual element,this unit can no longer be employed to assess operatingcharacteristics.6.3.1 Spiral Wound Elements:6.3.1.1 Disconnect element housing from the operatingsystem a
30、nd remove element to be inspected from housing,placing it on a work table or floor if more room is needed.6.3.1.2 Cut-off the end caps.6.3.1.3 Remove the element outer covering so that theelement internals are fully exposed.6.3.1.4 Count the number of leaves.6.3.1.5 Visual inspections.(1) Element fa
31、brication.(a) Determine the integrity of the glue lines.(b) Look for folded leaves or broken fibers.(c) Examine glue line adhesion.(2) Feed spacer.(a) Observe if foulants are present that may be blockingfluid flow. Take samples for later analysis if present.(b) Look for extrusion or any signs of tel
32、escoping.(3) Membrane.(a) Is the surface slimy, oily or gritty.(b) Look for membrane imperfections such as wrinkles,creases scratches, holes.(c) Measure the effective membrane area on severalsheets.(d) Take a number of membrane samples, randomly, fromdifferent leaves and over the length of the eleme
33、nt for lateranalysis.(e) Keep membrane samples wet. If storing the samplesfor any long period, add a disinfectant.(4) Record everything that seems unusual during theseinspections.6.3.2 Hollow Fiber Elements:6.3.2.1 Disconnect element housing from the operatingsystem, placing it on a work table or fl
34、oor if more room isneeded.6.3.2.2 Cut-off the nub and tube sheet epoxy.6.3.2.3 Remove the outer covering so that the bundleinternals are fully exposed.6.3.2.4 Unroll the element and measure its length.6.3.2.5 Visual inspections.(1) Element fabrication.(a) Determine if any discoloration is present on
35、 the fibers.(b) Assess physical strength of fiber/rope by testing thephysical strength and elongation of these fibers versus virginmaterial.(2) Spacer.(a) Observe if foulants are present that may be blockingfluid flow. Take samples for later analysis if present.(b) Look for extrusion or any signs of
36、 telescoping.(3) Membrane.(a) Is the surface slimy, oily or gritty.(b) Look for membrane imperfections such as creasesscratches, holes.(c) Take a number of membrane samples from differentareas over the length of the bundle for later analysis.(d) Keep membrane samples wet. If long term storage,add a
37、disinfectant.(4) Record everything that seems unusual during theseinspections.6.4 AnalyticalThere are many laboratory analytical teststhat can be performed on samples. The most typical ones aregiven below.6.4.1 Spiral Wound Elements:6.4.1.1 Continuous Monitoring Particulate Light ScatteringMethodsMo
38、nitors product water for membrane integrity(Practice D6908).6.4.1.2 Electron Spectroscopy (ESCA)Determines chemi-cal analysis of foulants.6.4.1.3 Epifluorescent MicroscopyDetermining bacteriacount on membrane.6.4.1.4 350 to 1000 Optical MicroscopyEnlarges pictureof surface foulants.6.4.1.5 Fourier T
39、ransform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyIdentifies organics and inorganics and changes in polyamidestructures.6.4.1.6 Fujiwara DyeLooks for halogenation or oxida-tion, or both, of a composite polyamide RO/NF membrane.6.4.1.7 Loss on Ignition (LOI)Looks at amount of foulantthat is organic.6.4.1.8 Plasma
40、 Emission Spectroscopy (ICP)Analyzesmetals on membrane surface.6.4.1.9 Pressure DecayDetermines membrane integrity(Practice D6908).6.4.1.10 Protein and Carbohydrate ContentAnalyzes bio-mass.6.4.1.11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)Determines foulant elemental composition.6.4.1.12 Soluble DyeChecks
41、 integrity of membrane(Practice D6908).6.4.1.13 Targeted Dispersive X-Ray (T-EDAXA)Takespicture of inorganic foulants on membrane surface.6.4.1.14 Total Organic AnalyzerMonitors integrity of re-verse osmosis and nanofiltration systems (Practice D6908).6.4.1.15 Vacuum DecayDetermines membrane integri
42、ty(Practice D6908).6.4.1.16 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)Characterizes crystallo-graphic structure of material.6.4.2 Hollow Fiber Elements:FIG. 2 Cartridge Sampling LocationsD7601 1036.4.2.1 Continuous Monitoring Particulate Light ScatteringMethodsMonitors product water for membrane integrity(Practice D69
43、08).6.4.2.2 Electron Spectroscopy (ESCA)Determines chemi-cal analysis of foulants.6.4.2.3 Epifluorescent MicroscopyDetermining bacteriacount on membrane.6.4.2.4 350 to 1000 Optical MicroscopyEnlarges pictureof surface foulants.6.4.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyIdentifies organics
44、 and inorganics and changes in polyamidestructures.6.4.2.6 Loss on Ignition (LOI)Looks at amount of foulantthat is organic.6.4.2.7 Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP)Analyzesmetals on membrane surface.6.4.2.8 Pressure DecayDetermines membrane integrity(Practice D6908).6.4.2.9 Protein and Carbohydrate
45、 ContentAnalyzes bio-mass.6.4.2.10 RoddingWhen proper, determines that the el-ements internal tubes are open and clear of debris.6.4.2.11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)Determines foulant elemental composition.6.4.2.12 Soluble DyeChecks integrity of membrane(Practice D6908).6.4.2.13 Targeted Disp
46、ersive X-Ray (T-EDAXA)Takespicture of inorganic foulants on membrane surface.6.4.2.14 Total Organic AnalyzerMonitors integrity of re-verse osmosis and nanofiltration systems (Practice D6908).6.4.2.15 Vacuum DecayDetermines membrane integrity(Practice D6908).6.4.2.16 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)Characteri
47、zes crystallo-graphic structure of material.7. Keywords7.1 element evaluation; microfiltration; nanofiltration; re-verse osmosis; ultrafiltrationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
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49、years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr H
