1、Designation: D7619 12Standard Test Method forSizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle DistillateFuels, by Automatic Particle Counter1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7619; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method uses a specific automatic particlecounter2(APC) to count and measur
3、e the size of dispersed dirtparticles, water droplets and other particles, in light and middledistillate fuel, and bio fuels such as biodiesel and biodieselblends, in the overall range from 4 m(c) to 100 m(c) and inthe size bands $4 m(c), $6 m(c), and $14 m(c).NOTE 1ASTM specification fuels falling
4、within the scope of this testmethod include Specifications: D975 grades 1D and 2D, D3699, D4814(see 14.1.1.1), D6751, D6985, D7467 and distillate grades of D396 andD2880.NOTE 2For the purposes of this test method, water droplets arecounted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and co
5、untedas a single larger particle. Dirt includes biological particles. Although theprojected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameterof a sphere for the purposes of this test method.NOTE 3The notation (c), used with particle sizes, is used to denotethat the apparatus has been
6、 calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.Strictly this only applies to particles up to 50 m.NOTE 4This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to100 m(c), however the precision has only been determined for the sizebands $4 m(c), $6 m(c), and $14 m(c). All measurements are permL.1.2 The v
7、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
8、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4057 Pra
9、ctice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6300 Practice fo
10、r Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillate FuelsD6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel OilMilitary Marine Applications4D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel
11、 Oil, Biodiesel Blend(B6 to B20)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:5ADJ6300 D2PP Determination of Precision and Bias datafor Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products2.3 ISO Standards:6ISO 11171 Hydraulic Fluid PowerCalibration of Auto-matic Particle Counters for LiquidsISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid PowerFluidsMethod fo
12、rCoding Level of Contamination by Solid ParticlesISO 12103-A1 Specification for Ultra Fine Test Dust(UFTD)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liqui
13、d Fuels.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D761910. DOI:10.1520/D7619-12.2The sole source of the apparatus known to the committee at this time isSETA-AvCount, available from Stanhope-Seta, London Stree
14、t, Chertsey, SurreyKT16 8AP UK. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration of a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Ou
16、t of print.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
17、959, United States.ISO 12103-A3 Specification for Medium Test Dust (MTD)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 particles, nsolid particles and dispersed water drop-lets which are detected and counted by this test method.3.1.2 particle count, nthe sum of the number of
18、solidparticles and dispersed water droplets.3.1.3 particle size, m(c), nthe projected area equivalentdiameter of spherical particles passing through the detectingcell in accordance with ISO 11171.3.1.4 particle size cumulative count, nthe total number ofparticles per mL, in size bands,$4 m(c),$6 m(c
19、), and$14m(c),3.1.4.1 DiscussionAutomatic particle counters may alsocount the total number of particles per mL, in size bands, inaddition to those in 3.1.4,upto$100 m.3.1.5 ISO Codes, na standard method for coding the levelof contamination by particles.3.1.5.1 DiscussionResults are expressed by ISO
20、Codes asspecified by ISO 4406. These codes are written in the form ofx/y/z, where x, y and z are ISO Codes equivalent to thecumulative counts, per mL, for particle size bands $4 m(c),$6 m(c), and $14 m(c) respectively. An example of this isgiven in Appendix X1.NOTE 5All particle counts are per mL.3.
21、1.6 coincidence error limit, nthe highest concentrationof ISO ultrafine test dust (ISO 12103-A1 or ISO UFTD) thatcan be counted with an automatic particle counter with lessthan 5 % error resulting from the presence of more than oneparticle in the sensor/laser optical path at a time.3.1.7 test specim
22、en, nan aliquot of the test sample. (SeeSection 10.)4. Summary of Test Method24.1 The optical measurement cell comprises a light sourceand an optical sensor. The principle of operation is themeasurement of laser light obscuration. Particles/droplets en-trained within the test specimen cast shadows o
23、n the opticalsensor causing a reduction of the output voltage of the sensor.The voltage drop is a function of the particle/droplet size. Eachdetected particle is counted, sized and recorded. Upon comple-tion of the test the software calculates and displays the numberof obscuration events for each of
24、 the predetermined size bands.4.2 The test specimen is mixed in its container to suspendthe particles. Upon initiation of a test, the automatic particlecounter (APC) draws the test specimen directly from a testspecimen container (see Fig. A1.1). The test sequence com-mences by flushing the optical m
25、easurement cell and pipeworkwith 30 mL of the test specimen. This is immediately followedby the test of a 10 mL test specimen where particles in each ofthe specified size bands are counted. This flushing and mea-surement is then repeated. If the size band $4 m(c), per mL,measurements agree within ei
26、ther 10 % or 200 counts, themeasurements for each of the size bands are averaged for eachsize band to give results, per mL, for each size band.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory orin the field for evaluating the cleanliness of distillate fuels, andliqui
27、d bio fuels. It is not applicable to on or in-line applications.5.2 This test method offers advantage over traditional filtra-tion methods in that it is a precise rapid test, and advantageover visual methods as it is not subjective.5.3 An increase in particle counts can indicate a change inthe fuel
28、condition caused by storage or transfer for example.5.4 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages andhave a serious impact on the life of pumps, injectors, pistonsand other moving parts. Knowledge of particle size in relationto the metallurgy can provide vital information especially if the
29、hardness of particles is also known from other sources.5.5 This test method specifies a minimum requirement forreporting measurements in particle size bands (see A1.1.2).Some specific applications may require measurements in otherparticle size bands.5.6 Obtaining a representative sample and followin
30、g therecommended sample and test specimen preparation proce-dures and timescales is particularly important with particlecounting methods. (See Sections 8, 10, 14.1.4 and Note 8.)6. Apparatus6.1 Automatic Particle Counter (APC)2Operating on thelaser light obscuration principle, comprising an optical
31、mea-surement cell, bi-directional double pump, electronics andsoftware to analyze the test specimen, and display and print theparticle measurement data. (See Annex A1.)6.2 Test Specimen Container, cylindrical, made of glass orother suitable material, of at least 125 mL volume withprovision for holdi
32、ng the test specimen input tube at least10 mm above the bottom of the container, and a cap with asuitable inert internal seal.NOTE 6It is recommended that glass test specimen containers shouldbe used to avoid any potential problems with particles adhering to theinsides of the containers due to stati
33、c electricity that could occur withsome samples or some specimen containers.6.3 Waste Container, for collecting the tested test specimen.6.4 Filter Apparatus, general purpose for filtering heptaneor other solvents.6.4.1 Filters, cellulose, glass fiber or polycarbonate0.45 m.6.5 Printer, to record de
34、tails of the measurements andresults.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Verification and Calibration Fluids7Containing ISOMedium Test Dust (MTD) as specified in specificationISO 12103-A3.7.2 HeptaneReagent grade filtered down to 0.45 m.7The sole source of verification and calibration fluids known to the c
35、ommittee atthis time is Stanhope-Seta, London Street, Chertsey, Surrey KT16 8AP UK. If youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration of ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which
36、you may attend.D7619 1227.2.1 Prepare the heptane by filtering through a 0.45 mfilter (see 6.4.1) contained in a filter apparatus (see 6.4) See10.2.1. Store in a container prepared in accordance with 10.2.(WarningExtremely flammable, health hazard.)8. Sampling8.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a s
37、ample of at least 100mL in accordance with Practices D4057, D5854, D4177,orother comparable sampling practices.8.2 It is essential to take a representative sample, but avoidpower mixing as this can modify the particles, break upagglomerated particles and entrain air. (See 14.1.4 and 10.1.2.)8.3 Use
38、sample containers that are capable of transportingthe sample without contamination. Examples of these are fullyepoxy-lined metal or amber colored glass containers with athreaded cap, fitted with an inert liner, forming a seal with thecontainer.8.4 Prior to taking the sample, rinse the sample contain
39、erswith the product to be sampled at least three times. Each rinseshall use product equal to 10 to 20 % of the container volume.A rinse shall include closing and shaking the container for aminimum of 5 s and then draining the product.8.5 Do not fill the sample container more than 90 % full.Overfilli
40、ng affects the preparation of the test specimen asspecified in 10.1.8.6 Ensure that any aliquots or sub-division of the sampleresults in representative samples being taken and remaining inthe original sample container. 10.1.2 and 10.1 recommendsuitable procedures regarding this particle counting tes
41、tmethod.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Ensure that the APC2is set up according to the instru-ment manufacturers operating instructions and the verificationand calibration requirements stated in both Section 11 andA1.1.4.9.2 Ensure that the mode of operation, specified for this testmethod by the manu
42、facturer, is selected.9.3 Clean the outside of the test specimen input tube beforeeach test sequence, by washing the outside in clean heptane oranother filtered solvent.9.4 At the start of any daily testing regime, initiate a testsequence using filtered heptane.9.5 If a test specimen is tested that
43、has a $4 m(c)measurement of over 20 000 particles per mL, perform acomplete test sequence (two flushes and two measurements asshown in Section 12) using filtered heptane to clean and flushthe measurement cell and the inside of the connecting tubingbefore testing other test specimens.10. Test Specime
44、n Preparation10.1 Gently shake the sample in its container, for at least aminute, sufficiently to ensure that a representative test speci-men can be drawn into the test specimen container.10.1.1 It is essential to take a representative test specimen,but avoid power mixing or vigorous mixing as this
45、can modifythe particles, break up agglomerated particles and entrain air.(See 14.1.4.)10.1.2 Consistent agitation can be achieved by either: (a)tumbling the sample container, by hand or using a suitableautomated mechanical tumbler, end over end for a minimum of60 revolutions at approximately 1 revol
46、ution per second; (b)inverting the sample container back and forth for a minimum of60 times at approximately 1 cycle per second; or (c) using abarrel roller and roll for a minimum of 60 rotations. Other waysof gently shaking the sample can be used, provided a repre-sentative test specimen is achieve
47、d.10.2 Use a clean test specimen container, or flush a testspecimen container by rinsing the inside of the container threetimes with the sample to be tested. Each rinse shall use productequal to 10 to 20 % of the container volume. A rinse shallinclude closing and shaking the container for a minimum
48、of 5s and then draining the product.Alternatively, the test specimencontainer may be cleaned by washing thoroughly with filteredheptane (see 7.2) and then allowed to dry in a clean environ-ment.10.2.1 The efficacy of cleaning of the test specimen con-tainer can be checked by testing a sample of filt
49、ered heptane(see 7.2), in the cleaned test specimen container; this shouldgive a count of less than 100 counts for the $4 m(c)measurement.10.3 Immediately after gently shaking, pour the mixedsample into the test specimen container and fit a clean cap.Ensure that the test specimen container is less than 90 % full.NOTE 7Over shaken or mechanically stirred samples can result infinely dispersed micro bubbles forming that will be counted as solidparticles. Test specimens given ultrasonic treatment can result in thebreak-up of aglomerated p
