1、Designation: D7641 10Standard Guide forTextile Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7641; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide lists fibers used to manufacture textileproducts.1.2 Specific groups of fibers are identified using tables ofstandard classification.1.2.1 Animal fibers are identifi
3、ed by commercial name,biological name, end use, and geographic source.1.2.2 Vegetable fibers are identified by commercial name,botanical name, staple length or description, and geographicsource.1.2.3 Mineral fibers are identified by commercial name,mineralogical name, chemical description, and geogr
4、aphicsource.1.2.4 Manufactured fibers are identified by commercialname, generic name, and major component.1.3 Major fiber types used for textile purposes are furtherclassified.1.3.1 Manufactured fibers are identified as having either anorganic base or inorganic base.1.3.2 Natural fibers are identifi
5、ed as having a cellulosic,protein, or mineral base.1.4 A glossary of generic names and definitions for manu-factured fibers is included as additional information.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 2076:1999 (E) TextilesMan-made Fiber
6、sGenericNames2.3 Other Documents:Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Section 303.73. Terminology3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in the guide seeTerminology D123.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use as a reference to improvethe understanding of the relationship betwe
7、en commercialname, fiber identification and geographical regions of fiberorigins that make up the composition of textile products.4.2 This guide is intended to be used as a source ofinformation only.4.2.1 Detailed analysis, to verify specific data related to thecomposition of a particular fiber, may
8、 be necessary.5. Animal (Protein Base) Fibers5.1 See Table 1.TABLE 1 Animal (Protein-Base) FibersCommercial and Biological NameAUse Geographical RegionsALPACA WOOL Llama glama textiles South America, North AmericaAmerican ring tail Bassariscusbacus astutus soft brushes North AmericaAngora See Rabbit
9、, Angora, MohairBadger Meles meles soft brushes Asia, EuropeCAMEL HAIR$ Camelus dromedariusCamelus bactrianustextiles, softtextiles, coarseAsiaAsia“Camel hair” See Squirrel soft brushes Asia, North AmericaCASHMERE HAIR Caprahircus sp (Goat) textiles AsiaCattle hair Bos taurus upholstery Asia, Europe
10、“Civet,” “Black Sable” See Spotted Skunk“Fitch” Mephitis mephitis et al (Skunk) soft brushes North AmericaFox Vulpes fulva stuffing North America, Europe1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Curre
11、nt edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D7641-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
12、he ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 ContinuedCommercial and Biological NameAUse Geographical RegionsGenet Genetta soft brushes Africa, Asia, EuropeGoat hair Capra sp soft brushes AsiaHog bristle Su
13、s scrofa paint brushes Asia, North AmericaHorse hair, body Equus caballus upholstery, felts Asia, Europe, North America, South AmericaHorse hair, mane and tail Equus caballus upholstery Asia, EuropeKolinksy See Sable, redLLAMA WOOL Llama glama textiles South AmericaMink See Sable, redMOHAIR Caprahir
14、cus (Angora goat) textiles Asia, Africa, North AmericaMuskrat, Northern Ondatra zibethicus textiles North America, RussiaMuskrat, Southern Ondatra rivalicia textiles North AmericaOx hair, ear Bos taurus soft brushes Asia, Europe, North AmericaPony Equus caballus soft brushes, felts AsiaRABBIT, COMMO
15、N Oryctolagus cuniculus fur felt Australia, Europe, Asia, North AmericaRABBIT, ANGORA Oryctolagus cuniculus textiles Europe, North AmericaSable, red Mustela sibirica (Kolinksy, China Mink, Jap Mink) soft brushes, stuffing AsiaSHEEP WOOL Ovis aries et al. textiles all continentsSkunk See “Fitch”Skunk
16、, Spotted Spilogale sp soft brushes North AmericaSquirrel Sciurus vulgaris et al. soft brushes Asia, North AmericaSILK Bombyx mori textiles Asia, EuropeSILK, TUSSAH Antheraea paphia et al. textiles AsiaVICUNA WOOL Llama vicugna textiles South AmericaAThe most common names are in capital letters; bio
17、logical names are in italics.6. Vegetable Fibers6.1 See Tables 2-4.TABLE 2 Vegetable Fibers: Seed and Fruit-HairNOTEThe physical origins and the botanical classifications in Tables 2-4 were reviewed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Commercial and Botanical NameAStaple Length, in. Geographical R
18、egionsAkund Calotropis gigantes AsiaGossypium, various spCOTTON Gossypium sp1. American Upland Gossypium hirsutum34 to 1716 all continents2. Asiatic cultivateda. Chinese Gossypium arboreum38 to 1 Chinab. Indian Gossypium arboreum38 to 1 IndiaGossypium herbaceumc. Levantine Gossypium herbaceum12 to 1
19、 Asia3. Extra-long staple barbadenses:a. Egyptian Gossypium barbadense 118 to 158 Egypt, Sudan, Perub. American Egyptian Gossypium barbadense 138 to 112 United Statesc. Sea Island Gossypium barbadense 112 to 2 West Indies4. Medium staple, semi-rough bar-badenses:a. Tanguis Gossypium barbadense 118 t
20、o 114 Perub. Ishan Gossypium barbadense 118 to 114 West Africac. Ashmouni (uppers) Gossypium barbadense 1116 to 118 Egypt5. Short staple, rough barbadenses:a. Iquitos Gossypium barbadense 1to1116 Perub. Lengupa Gossypium barbadense1516 to 1116 Colombia6. Perennial tree cottons:a. West Indian Gossypi
21、um hirsutum var Marie-Galante 118 to 138 West Indiesb. Sertao and Serido Gossypium hirsutum var Marie-Galante 118 to 138 BrazilKAPOK Ceiba pentandra34 to14 TropicsMilkweed Floss Asclepias various sp34 to14 North AmericaOzone fiber Asclepias sp incarnata United StatesPochote Ceiba aesculifolia Mexico
22、Samchu Chorisia species South AmericaAPreferred or most common names are in capital letters; botanical names are in italics. The abbreviation sp is for the word “species,” the subdivisions of a genus.D7641 102TABLE 3 Vegetable Fibers: Bast and LeafCommercial and Botanical NameADescription Geographic
23、al RegionsABACA Musa textilis Ne hard leaf fiber Philippine Islands, Central America, Borneo,SumatraAbutilon avcennae Gaertn See Abutilon theophrasti Medic mediiAbutilon longicuspe Zada buack coarse bast fiberAbutilon periplocifolium Maholtine coarse bast fiberAbutilon theophrasti Sweet Medic medii
24、CHINESE JUTE coarse bast fiber ChinaAechmae magdalenae Andr Pita floja fine leaf fiber Central and South AmericaAFRICAN SISAL Agave sisalana, Perrine differs from maguey inrettingCAROA, Caraua Neoglaziova variegata MezCarrapicho Urena lobata CavCebu hemp Musa textilis Ne (not hemp)CEBU MAGUEY Agave
25、cantala Roxb (retted differently fromCantala)Cephalonema sp Punga bast fiber Belgian CongoChanvre French word for hempChaparral yucca Hesperoyucca whipplei (Torr) TrelChina grass Boehmeria nivea (L) GaudCHINESE JUTE Abutilon theophrasti Medic MediiChingma Abutilon theophrasti MedicChino azul Agave t
26、equilana WeberChino bermejo Agave palmaris TrelChique-chique Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace botanical names are in italics. The abbreviation sp is for the word “species,” the subdivisions of a genus.BNot found in botanical literature.CAuthority cannot be determined.DMany Yucca species yield fiber; the
27、 principal ones are included in this table.EMany Agave species yield fiber known as zapupe.D7641 107TABLE 4 Vegetable Fibers: Palm and MiscellaneousCommercial and Botanical NameADescription Geographical RegionsAcrocomia sp Corojo palm leaf fiber South America, West IndiesAfrican fiber Chamaerops hum
28、ilis L palm leaf segments North AfricaAlfa Stipa tenacissima L grass leaves MediterraneanAren Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr palm fiber JavaArenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr Aren palm fiber JavaAstrocaryum tucuma Mart Tecum, tucum; when mixed with Bactrissetosa Mart palm leaf fiber BrazilAttalea funifera Ma
29、rt Bahia bass plam leaf-base fiber BrazilBactris sp Mocoro palm fiber South AmericaBactris setosa Mart See Astrocaryum tucuma Mart palm fiber BrazilBahia bassBahia piassava Attalea funifera Mart palm leaf-base fiber BrazilBamboo Bambus sp stem segments TropicsBambusa sp BambooBass Attalea funifera M
30、art Leopoldina piassabaWallace botanical names are in italics. The abbreviation sp is for the word “species,” the subdivisions of a genus.7. Mineral Fibers7.1 See Table 5.TABLE 5 Mineral FibersCommercial and Mineralogical Name Chemical Description Geographical RegionsASBESTOS Chrysotile magnesium si
31、licate Canada, RussiaCrocidolite iron silicate South Africa, Australia8. Manufactured Fibers8.1 See Table 6.TABLE 6 Manufactured FibersCommercial or Generic Name Major ComponentAcetate:ACellulose Acetate:Acetate Secondary AcetateTriacetate Primary AcetateAcrylicAPolyacrylonitrile. See also Polyvinyl
32、Alginate Metal salts of alginic acidAnidelACopolymer of an acrylic-ester and other monomersAzlonAModified naturally occurring proteins (including casein, cottonseed, peanut, and soybean)Cuprammonium, Cupra See RayonACasein See AzlonACellulose Esters See AcetateAElastomers See Rubber,ASpandexAFluoroc
33、arbon PolytetrafluoroethyleneGlass Fused inorganic oxidesMetallic Metal or alloy, some plastic-coated or laminatedModacrylicACopolymer of acrylonitrileNylon:APolyamide:Nylon 6 Poly (epsilon-caproamide)Nylon 11 Poly (omega-undecanamide)Nylon 6-6 Poly (hexamethylene adipamide)Nylon 6-10 Poly (hexameth
34、ylene sebacamide)OlefinAAliphatic hydrocarbonsPeanut See AzlonAPolyacrylic See AcrylicAPolyamide See NylonAPolypeptide See NylonAPolyesterACondensation polymer of a dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acidPolyethylene See OlefinAPolyurethane See SpandexAPolyvinyl Copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl
35、acetateCopolymer of vinyl chloride and acrylonitrileAfter-chlorinated polyvinyl chlorideCopolymer of vinylidene chloride and other monomers (saran)Also see AcrylicAProtein-Base Fiber See AzlonARegenerated Cellulose See RayonARayon:ARegenerated Cellulose:Cuprammonium Cellulose regenerated by Cuprammo
36、nium processSaponified acetate Saponified cellulose acetateD7641 109TABLE 6 ContinuedCommercial or Generic Name Major ComponentViscose Cellulose regenerated by viscose process including regular and newer types as high-strength, high-wet modulus,cellular, and special cross-section and cross-linked ra
37、yons.Rubber:ANatural or synthetic polymers:Natural PolyisopreneSynthetic Various elastoprenesAlso see ElastomerSaponified Acetate See RayonASaranAPoly (vinylidene chloride)Also see PolyvinylSoybean See AzlonASpandexASegmented polyurethaneVinalAAcetal of poly (vinyl alcohol)Vinyl Acetate See Polyviny
38、lVinyl Chloride See PolyvinylVinylidene Chloride See Polyvinyl, SaranAVinyonAPoly(vinyl chloride)Viscose See RayonAZein See AzlonAAGeneric names specified by the Federal Trade Commission: defined fully in Annex A1 of Terminology D123.9. Major Fiber Types9.1 See Tables 7 and 8.TABLE 7 Classification
39、of Major ManufacturedAFibers Used for Textile PurposesOrganic BaseBInorganic BaseNatural Polymer Base Synthetic Polymer BaseALGINATE Nonvoloid CeramicMODIFIED CELLULOSE Polyamides GlassEsters AramidAcetate (Secondary Acetate) Nylon MetalTriacetate (Primary Acetate) Nylon 6 Poly (epsilon-caproamide)N
40、ylon 11 Poly (omega-undecanamide) SilicaREGENERATED CELLULOSE Nylon 6-6 Poly (hexamethylene adipamide)RayonCNylon 6-10 Poly (hexamethylene sebacamide)CuproLyocel Polybenzimidozole (PBI)ModalViscose (Rayon) PolyesterPolyesterREGENERATED PROTEIN Elasterell-pAzlonCasein PolyoelfinsPeanut Olefin (crysta
41、lline)Soybean PolyethyleneZein PolypropylenePolystyrenePLA LastolSpandexSulfarAcyrlicAnidexElastoesterFlourcarbonModacryclicNytrilVinalVinyonRubber Synthetic Rubber poly (isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene)LastrileAFor more complete information, see Table 6.BGeneric terms and limiting percentages are
42、taken from “Generic Names and Definitions of Manufactured Fibers,” Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Section 303.7.CRayon is made from cellulose that is put through a technical chemical process called “regeneration.” There are many sources of cellulose. Common sources are pine,spruce, hemlock,
43、beech, and bamboo. Whatever the source of the cellulose, if it is used to make rayon, then the generic fiber name is “rayon”. Some rayon is made bythe viscose process.D7641 1010TABLE 8 Classification of Major Natural FibersAUsed for Textile PurposesCellulose Base Protein BaseA,BOtherBASTCANIMAL HAIR
44、 MINERALDBamboo Wool AsbestosFlaxHemp Specialty NATURAL RUBBERJute AlpacaKenaf CamelRamie CashmereLlamaMohairRabbitNUT HUSKEVicunaCoirLEAFCANIMAL SECRETIONAbaca SilkAgave CultivatedNew Zealand Flax DupioniPalm Istle TussahYuccaSpider SilkSEEDECottonKapokAGeneric terms and limiting percentages are ta
45、ken from “Generic Names and Definitions of Manufactured Fibers,” Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Section 303.7.BFor more complete information, see Table 1.CFor more complete information, see Table 3.DFor more complete information, see Table 5.EFor more complete information, see Table 4.ANNEX(
46、Mandatory Information)A1. GLOSSARYA1.1 Glossary of Terms:(a) AcrylicA manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer com-posed of at least 85 % by weight of acrylonitrile units.(b) ModacrylicA manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any
47、 long chain synthetic polymer com-posed of less than 85 % but at least 35 % by weight ofacrylonitrile units, except fibers qualifying under paragraph(j)(2) of this section and fibers qualifying under paragraph (q)of this section. (Sec. 7, 72 Stat. 1717; 15 U.S.C. section 70e).(c) PolyesterA manufact
48、ured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer com-posed of at least 85 % by weight of an ester of a substitutedaromatic carboxylic acid, including but not restricted to sub-stituted terephthalate units, and para substituted hydroxy-benzoate units, where the fibe
49、r is formed by the interaction oftwo or more chemically distinct polymers (of which noneexceeds 85 % by weight), and contains ester groups as thedominant functional unit (at least 85 % by weight of the totalpolymer content of the fiber), and which, if stretched at least100 %, durably and rapidly reverts substantially to its un-stretched length when the tension is removed, the termelasterell-p may be used as a generic description of the fiber.(d) RayonA manufactured fiber composed of regeneratedcellulose, as well as manufactured fibers comp
