1、Designation: D7665 10 (Reapproved 2014)D7665 17Standard Guide forEvaluation of Biodegradable Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7665; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide2 covers general information, without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for eval
3、uating heattransfer fluids for quality and aging. These test methods are considered particularly useful in characterizing biodegradable waterfree water-free heat transfer fluids in closed systems.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are incl
4、uded in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Te
5、chnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating OilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open
6、Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD445 Test Metho
7、d for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titratio
8、nD893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced PressureD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of
9、 Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C and 100 CD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD2879 Test Method for Vapor Pressure-Temperature Relationship a
10、nd Initial Decomposition Temperature of Liquids byIsoteniscopeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD2879D4052 Test Method for Vapor Pressure-Temperature Relationship and Initial Decomposition Temperature Density,Relative Density, and API Gravit
11、y of Liquids by IsoteniscopeDigital Density MeterD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.L0.06 on Non-Lubri
12、cating Process Fluids.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014Aug. 1, 2017. Published February 2015August 2017. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102014 asD7665 10.D7665 10 (2014). DOI: 10.1520/D7665-10R14.10.1520/D7665-17.2 The background for this standard was developed
13、by a questionnaire circulated by ASTM-ASLE technical division L-VI-2 and reported in Lubrication Engineering, Vol32, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 411416.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standar
14、dsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
15、 adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright
16、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6384 Terminology Relating to Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity of LubricantsD6743 Test Method for
17、Thermal Stability of Organic Heat Transfer FluidsD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)D7044 Specification for Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic FluidsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Che
18、micalsG4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Applications2.2 OECD Standards:4Test No. 203 : Fish, Acute Toxicity Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 fluid agingprocess of fluid degradation associated with the loss of intended performance of the fluid,
19、 which includesfluid composition changes, soot formation, and the deposit of materials on a surface (fouling).3.1.2 fluid qualitydescribes the fluids appropriateness for the intended application including factors necessary for safety andenvironmental awareness or compliance.3.1.3 heat transfer fluid
20、fluid that remains essentially a liquid while transferring heat to or from an apparatus or process,although this guide does not preclude the evaluation of a heat transfer fluid that may be used in its vapor state. Heat transfer fluidsmay be hydrocarbonhydrocarbon or petroleumbased, petroleum based,
21、such as polyglycols, esters, hydrogenated terphenyls,alkylated aromatics, diphenyl-oxide/biphenyl blends, and mixtures of di- and triaryl-ethers. Small percentages of functionalcomponents such as antioxidants, antiwear and anti-corrosion agents, TBN, acid scavengers, or dispersants, or a combination
22、thereof, can be present.4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance of each test method depends upon the system in use and the purpose of the test method as listed underSection 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM test methods.5. Recommended Test Procedures5.1 Pumpability of the Fluid:5.1.1 Flash
23、 Point, Closed Cup (Test Method D93)This test method detects low flash ends which are one cause of cavitationduring pumping. In closed systems, especially when fluids are exposed to temperatures of 225C225 C or higher, the formationof volatile hydrocarbons by breakdown of the oil may require venting
24、 through a pressure relief system to prevent dangerouspressure build-up.5.1.2 Pour Point (Test Method D97)The pour point can be used as an approximate guide to the minimum temperature fornormal pumping and as a general indication of fluid type and low temperature properties. Should a heat transfer s
25、ystem be likelyto be subjected to low temperatures when not in use, the system should be trace heated to warm the fluid above minimum pumpingtemperature before start-up.5.1.3 Viscosity (Test Method D445 or D7042)Fluid viscosity is important for determining Reynolds and Prandtl numbers forheat transf
26、er systems, to estimate fluid turbulence, heat transfer coefficient, and heat flow. Generally, a fluid that is aboveapproximately 200 cSt is difficult to pump. The pump and system design determine the viscosity limit required for pumping. Theconstruction of a viscosity/temperature curve using determ
27、ined viscosities can be used to estimate minimum pumping temperature.5.1.4 Specific Gravity (Test Method D1298 or D4052)Hydraulic shock during pumping has been predicted via the use of acombination of density and compressibility data.5.1.5 Water Content (Test Method D95)The water content of a fresh
28、heat transfer fluid can be used to indicate how long theheat transfer system shall be dried out during commissioning, while raising the bulk oil temperature through the 100C100 C plusregion, with venting, before the system can be safely used at higher temperatures. The expansion tank should be full
29、during theoperations to ensure that moisture is safely vented in the lowest pressure part of the systems. Positive nitrogen pressure on the heatexchange systems minimizes entry of air or moisture. Heat transfer systems operating at temperatures of 120C120 C or greatershall, for reasons of safety, be
30、 dry, because destructive high pressures are generated when water enters the high temperaturesections of the system. Heating the oil before it is placed in service also removes most of the dissolved air in the oil. If not removed,the air can cause pump cavitation. The air can also accumulate in stag
31、nant parts of the system at high pressure and could causean explosion.5.1.6 Vapor Pressure (Test Method D2879)Vapor pressure, which normally increases with increasing operating temperature,is an important design parameter. Organic heat transfer fluids exhibiting high vapor pressures should be used o
32、nly in systems withsufficient structural integrity. Operation of vapor phase systems requires knowledge of the equilibrium vapor pressure.4 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2, rue Andr Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.D7665 1725.2 Safety in Use:5.2.1 Autoignition Te
33、mperature (Test Method E659)This test relates to the autoignition temperature of a bulk fluid.Hydrocarbon fluids absorbed on porous inert surfaces can ignite at temperatures more than 50C50 C lower than indicated by TestMethod E659. An open flame ignites leaking hydrocarbon fluids exposed on a porou
34、s surface at any temperature.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and D93)Some heat transfer fluids are volatile and present a fire hazard at slightlyelevated temperatures, or even below 25C.25 C.5.2.3 Biodegradation (Test Method D5864)5An environmental concern, and toxicity (like acute fish toxicity
35、, see OECD TestNo. 203) is more of an immediate concern for personnel that may come into contact with the heat transfer fluid as well as plantand animal life that may come into contact with effluent that migrates to streams, rivers, or reservoirs. Safety in use informationis included a Material Safe
36、ty Data Sheet (MSDS). See Terminology D6384 for terminology relating to biodegradability andecotoxicity. A basis for biodegradable classification for hydraulic fluids is found in Table 4 of Specification D7044-04 and whileno specific biodegradability classifications are available for heat transfer f
37、luids, the environmental persistence of heat transfer fluidsshould be evaluated.5 As heat transfer fluids are mainly used in closed and sealed circuits, this guide is limited to biodegradation issues. An extension to “environmentally friendly” or“ecoevaluated” heat transfer fluids including aquatic
38、toxicities may be an object of future revision.D7665 1735.3 Effect on Equipment:5.3.1 Effect on Rubber or Elastomeric Seals (Test Method D471)Most seals in heat exchange equipment are made of steel orother metal. If rubber seals are present, it is desirable to maintain rubber swelling in the range o
39、f 11 % to 5 % to prevent leakagebecause of poor seal contact. Seals may degrade in some fluids. As an oil deteriorates in service, additional tests may be requiredto ensure that seals remain compatible with the altered oil. The temperature ranges of the tests should correspond to temperaturesto whic
40、h seals will be exposed in service.5.3.2 Corrosion (Guide G4)These tests concern selection of materials of construction with fluids usable for heat transfersystems. Guide G4 uses test metal specimens fixed within the stream of test fluid under use. The specimens and conditions for testshall be speci
41、fied for each system.5.4 Effciency:5.4.1 Thermal Conductivity (Test Method D2717) and Specific Heat (Test Method D2766)These thermal conductivity andspecific heat tests are difficult to carry out, facilities for performing them are few, and the precision data is yet to be established.Values can be e
42、stimated for design use from the general chemical composition. Differences contribute to efficiency to a lesserdegree than values such as viscosity, moisture contamination, and other measurable values in 5.1 and 5.5 of this guide. The valuesfor thermal conductivity and specific heat may be available
43、 from the fluid supplier.65.5 Service Life:5.5.1 Thermal Stability, Laboratory Tests7Thermal stability is here defined as the resistance of a hydrocarbon liquid topermanent changes in properties that make it a less efficient heat transfer fluid. These changes may be related to alterations in theliqu
44、ids properties, such as viscosity, or to the tendency to foul heat exchanger surfaces with insulating deposits. Normally, testingshould be done in the absence of air and moisture to stimulate “tight” systems. The test may be useful for assessing the remainingservice life of a used fluid, or it may b
45、e used to compare the expected service life of competitive new heat transfer fluids.5.5.2 The following test methods can be used to determine the change in values between new and used fluids, or between a fluidbefore and after subjection to a laboratory thermal stability test. These test methods hav
46、e been found especially useful fordetermining the end of a fluids service life when an identical fluid has been monitored with the same tests throughout its servicelife. These test methods can also detect leakage of foreign material into the heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.1 Precipitation Number (Test Met
47、hod D91) and Insolubles (Test Method D893)These test methods determine the extentto which insolubles that may contribute to fouling of metal surfaces are increasing.5.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and D93)A lowering of flash point is indicative of thermal cracking to produce lowermolecular wei
48、ght hydrocarbons. A rapid increase may indicate that fluid is being exposed to excessive temperatures.5.5.2.3 Carbon Residue (Test Methods D189, D524, and D4530)An increase of carbon residue during service provides anindication of the fluids tendency to form carbonaceous deposits. These deposits, wh
49、ich may impair heat transfer, are caused byprecipitation of high molecular weight materials produced by thermal cracking of the fluid.5.5.2.4 Viscosity (Test Method D445 or D7042)An increase in viscosity may reduce the fluids ability to transfer heat (see5.1.3). Cracking of hydrocarbons in high temperature service in closed systems often causes a decrease in viscosity. Thus a changein viscosity taken by itself is insufficient to judge the performance of a fluid in service.5.5.2.5 Distillation (Test Methods D86, D1160, and D2887)Disti
