1、Designation: D 7680 10Standard Practice forPreparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks by a Motor-DrivenPrintability Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedure for preparinglaboratory prints of paste printing inks using a motor-dri
3、venprintability tester.1.2 This practice covers printability testers of four differentdesigns, referred to as Tester A, B, C, and D. These testersfeature “push-button” control of printing speed and pressureand facilitate measurement of exact ink film thickness.1.3 This practice is intended primarily
4、 for lithographic andletterpress inks that dry by oxidation or penetration. Withappropriate drying or curing equipment, it is also applicable toother systems such as heat-set or energy curable.1.4 This practice is applicable to the preparation of single-color solid-area prints by dry offset (also kn
5、ow as letterset) orby letterpress on any flat surface including paper, paperboard,plastic film, textiles, and metal.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The only other unit of measurement used is fpm.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conce
6、rns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D528 Test Method for Machine Direction o
7、f Paper andPaperboard3D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper3D6073 Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset PrintingInksD7189 Test Method for Relative Mileage of News Ink onNewsprintD7305 Test Method fo
8、r Reflection Density of Printed Mat-ter2.2 Other Standards:4ISO 187 Paper, board and pulpsStandard atmosphere forconditioning and testing and procedure for monitoring theatmosphere and conditioning of samplesISO/DIS 28351 Graphic technologyLaboratory prepara-tion test printsPart 1: Paste inksISO 284
9、61 Graphic technologySpecification for colorand transparency of printing ink setsPart 1: Inks forheat-set web offset lithographic printingISO 28462 Graphic technologySpecification for colorand transparency of printing ink setsPart 2: Inks forcoldset offset lithographic printing3. Terminology3.1 Symb
10、ols:fpm = feet per minute(fpm 4 200 = m/s)kgf = kilograms of force(kgf = 9.81 N)kp = kilopascals of pressure(kp = 9.81 N)m/s = meters per second(m/s 3 200 = fpm)3.2 Symbols for ink film thickness calculations:AS= printed area on the substrate, cm2D = density of the ink, g/cm2IFTP= ink film thickness
11、 on the plate, mIFTS= ink film thickness on the substrate, mm = micrometersWA= weight of inked plate after printing, gWB= weight of inked plate before printing, g1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct
12、 responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published February 2011.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
13、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM Inter
14、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.WP= weight of ink carried on the plate, gWPO= weight of the clean uninked plate, gWS= weight of ink on the substrate, gWSA= weight of ink on the substrate per unit area, g/m24. Summary of Practice4.1 The de
15、signated printing speed and pressure are preset onthe print maker of the printability tester. A specified volume ofink is metered to the rollers of the inking system anddistributed for 15 to 25 s for heatset and newsinks, 60 s or morefor other inks. The printing disk is inked for the same period oft
16、ime, installed on the print maker, and a print made on thedesignated substrate.4.2 The prints are dried by appropriate means and measuredfor reflection density in order to verify that the target value hasbeen achieved.4.3 If required by the test, the inked disk is weighted beforeand after printing a
17、nd the exact ink film thickness on thesubstrate is computed.4.4 After a suitable lapse of time, the prints are subjected tothe intended end use test(s). Results are compared to those ofreference prints prepared in the identical fashion.5. Significance and Use5.1 It is generally recognized that the b
18、est method forevaluating printing properties of ink-substrate combinations isby actual printing. this practice provides a convenient methodfor preparing repeatable laboratory prints at realistic conditionsof printing speed, printing pressure and ink film thickness.5.2 This practice is useful for qua
19、lity control, specificationacceptance between producer and user, product developmentand research. Printed samples have found widespread applica-tions for color matching, gloss-ink holdout and other appear-ance properties, permanency, abrasion, drying time and manyother tests of interest to the print
20、ing ink, paper and alliedindustries.6. Apparatus6.1 Printability Tester having the following components:6.1.1 Print Maker, a motorized printing press that can beaccommodated on a laboratory bench. As noted in Table 1 andFig. 1, TestersAand C are flat-bed presses, Testers B and D arecylinder presses.
21、 Printing speed and pressure are set simply byturning appropriate dials except on Tester D, where they arecomputer-controlled.6.1.2 Inking System, consisting of three rollers on which theink is distributed. the bottom two rollers, at least one of whichoscillates, are metal, while the top roller is o
22、f syntheticcomposition. A top roller of special composition is required forglycol-based and energy curable inks. As seen in Table 1 andFig. 1a and Fig. 1c, Testers A and C contain built-in inkingsystems, while Fig. 2 illustrates the separate inking systemsthat are required for Testers B and D. Sever
23、al inking systemsare thermostated, an important feature for running heatset inks.All are engineered so as to provide multiple inking stations,each of which contains a device to support the disk during theinking process.6.1.3 Printing Disk, to serve as the printing plate.As seen inTable 1, disks are
24、2 to 7 cm wide and 20 cm in circumfer-ence. They are constructed of light-weight polished aluminumor rubber-covered aluminum or as a core with an aluminum orrubber covering. If rubber disks are used, it it recommended toprocure two or more so as to minimize waiting time aftercleanup.NOTE 1Disks of o
25、ther sizes and surface coverings are available. Forthe purpose of this practice, the discussion is limited to those listed inTable 1.6.1.4 Carrier, a “sled” on which flexible substrates aremounted for making prints on the two flat-bed testers, A and C.Carriers are constructed of stiff plastic with a
26、 rubber coating.Heavy cardboard and metal specimens may possibly be runwithout benefit of a carrier. When disks of different widths arebeing used with thin substrates, separate carriers are requiredso that indentation from the narrower disk does not mar theappearance of prints made subsequently with
27、 the wider disk.6.2 Ink Pipette, consisting of a metal cylinder and plunger,2 mL capacity, accurate to a minimum of 0.01 mL.6.3 Timer, with clear 1 s divisions.6.4 Tongs or Rubber Gloves (optional), for handling thedisk when making gravimetric measurements.6.5 Analytical Balance (optional), accurate
28、 to 0.0001 g with150 g capacity to accommodate the printing disk described in6.1.3.6.6 Accelerated Drying Equipment (optional) such as asource of heat as in Test Method D6073, or energy-curing, asneeded.6.7 Reflection Densitometer or Spectrodensitometer (op-tional) conforming to Test Method D7305.6.
29、8 Weight per Volume Cup (optional) for measuring inkdensity in accordance with Test Method D1475.7. Materials7.1 If the test sample is a printing ink:7.1.1 Reference Ink, of the same type, rheology and color asthe test ink and having known printing properties.7.1.2 Standard Substrate, as specified i
30、n the test method oras agreed upon between producer and user.7.2 If the test sample is a substrate:7.2.1 Reference Substrate, of the same type as the testsubstrate and having known printing properties.7.2.2 Standard Ink, as specified in the test method or asagreed upon between producer and user.7.3
31、Target Value(s) for reflection density or gravimetric-based end result or both.7.4 Was up Solvent, such as mineral spirits or other com-patible with the printing ink system and the compositionsurfaces.7.5 Rags or Wipers, clean, absorbent, lint-free.7.6 Plastic Sheet, large enough to cover the instru
32、ment(s).7.7 Manufacturers Operating Manual, for the specific in-strument modelD7680102TABLE 1 Features of Printability TestersAComponent Feature Tester A Tester B Tester CBTester DPrint Maker Printing geometryPrinting plate (disk) Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical CylindricalImpression surface Fla
33、t Cylindrical Flat CylindricalPrinting speed m/s 0.5-6, 10 or 12 0.2-5 0.3 0.5-3fpm 100-1200.or 2400 40-1000 60 100-600Printing pressure, N 100-1000 or 1600 50-1000 50-1000 or 200-800 30-1000Inking Unit Relationship to print maker Built-in SeparateCSeparateDBuilt-in SeparateThermostatted Yes Yes No
34、No YesSpeed, m/s 0.7 0.2-1.2 0.3 0.3 0.16-1.16Number of inking stations 4 1, 2 or 4 2 3 21 4Surface area per station, cm2570 1537, 729 or 328 1187 700 579Printing Disk Dimensions, width 3 circumferenceAluminum, cm 4 3 20 3.2 or 5 3 20 2, 3.5 or 5 3 20 3.5 or 5 3 21Rubber, cm 4 3 20 3.2 or 5 3 20 2,
35、3.5, 5 or 7 3 20 3.5 or 5 3 21Surface areaAluminum, cm280 64 or 100 40, 70 or 100 74 or 105Rubber, cm280 64 or 100 40, 70, 100 or 140 74 or 105Specimen size, cm 4.5 3 28 min. 5.5 3 28 5.5 or 7.5 3 28 5.5 3 28AFeatures given in this table are restricted to single-color solid-area printing of paste in
36、ks at constant speed.BTester C comprises a range of different models. See the manufacturers operating manual for the combination of conditions available on a particular model.Cthis column refers to the high speed inking unit. The four station unit is depicted in Fig. 2A.DThis column refers to the sl
37、ow speed inking unit depicted in Fig. 2B. It is no longer produced but is listed because of the many units already in the field.D7680103FIG. 1 Printability Testers Covered in this PracticeFIG. 2 Inking Systems for Use with Testers B and DD76801048. Hazards8.1 WARNINGSince solvents may be hazardous t
38、o theskin and eyes, wear rubber gloves and safety glasses duringcleanup to avoid solvent contact with skin and eyes. In case ofcontact, wash skin and eyes for 15 min with water and call aphysician. See suppliers Material Safety Data Sheets forfurther information on each solvent used.8.2 Use local ex
39、haust/ventilation during solvent cleanup.8.3 Never let a vehicle or ink dry completely on the surfaceof the rollers or disks.8.4 Be careful not to cause any damage during the cleaningprocess or by leaving the rollers and disks in contact when notin use.9. Test Specimens9.1 Printing Ink:9.1.1 Printin
40、g ink samples should be press-ready. Becauseof the small surface areas of the inking stations shown in Table1, and as can be surmised from the data in Table 2 (to bediscussed in more detail in 12.4.2), very little ink, less than onemL, is usually sufficient to make prints of the required numberof re
41、plicates.9.1.2 Make sure the test specimen is free of bubbles, skinand other contamination. Prior to transferring to the ink pipette,it may be useful to place a small quantity on a clean glass plateand gently work up with a small spatula without aerating. Addink to the pipette, using the spatula to
42、force the ink in whileslowly pulling back the ram. Wipe excess material off the tip ofthe pipette.9.2 Substrates:9.2.1 Cut the number of specimens required for both the testand reference prints. Three are recommended for most pur-poses; up to ten or more may be needed for special tests.Specimen size
43、s (4.5 to 7.5 by 28 cm) are listed at the end ofTable 1.NOTE 2Multiple replicates are advisable because of the likelihood ofnonuniformity in substrate properties. For example samples taken from aream of commercially supplied paper can be assumed to be cut from asmany as seven or more reels, each wit
44、h slightly different properties. Forthis reason, studies of a research nature are best conducted with samplescut from a single reel.9.2.2 Specimens should be free of wrinkles, creases, water-marks and other types of contamination and consistent as toside and direction. Mark each specimen with the si
45、de (felt orwire, which may be determined by Test Method D5039) andmachine direction (in or across, as determined by Test MethodD528). Handle specimens only by the edge, as touching thesurface with bare fingers may cause localized changes inabsorbency.9.2.3 The side and direction used for making the
46、printsdepends on the anticipated end use. Unless otherwise specified,specimens for testing inks should be cut so that the longerdirection is in the machine direction and felt side up. Papers arefrequently tested on both sides and, if intended for sheet-fedprinting, in both directions. Paperboard is
47、tested only on theprinting side and across the machine direction.10. Conditioning10.1 The transfer and absorbency properties of printing inkare highly sensitive to temperature, while those of paper andother celluloic substrates are sensitive to relative humidity. Forthose reasons, reproducible print
48、ing requires that the test andreference samples be conditioned. ISO 187 specifies 23 6 1Ctemperature and 50 6 2 % relative humidity.10.2 New composition rollers and rubber disks should bebroken-in before use. For example, apply vehicle from the testink system to the inking unit, run for about 15 min
49、, wash upand repeat once or twice.11. Equipment Setup and Maintenance11.1 Locate the printability tester on a sturdy bench in adraft-free environment preferably conditioned as in 10.1.11.2 Unless otherwise specified, set the thermostat of theinking system to 25C,11.3 Cover the instrument with a plastic sheet overnight tominimize dust deposits.11.4 The lifetime of the composition rollers and rubberdisks is limited to a maximum of about three years. Effects ofchanges in test results are minimized by running the referencesample at the same time as the test sample
