1、Designation: D7712 18Standard Terminology forSampling and Analysis of Asbestos1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a collective vocabularyrelating to sampling and analysis of asbestos.As a convenienceto general interest, it contains most
3、 of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the applica
4、ble definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izati
5、on established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAt
6、mospheresD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Structure Number Surface LoadingD5756 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Mass Surface Loadin
7、g (Withdrawn 2017)2D6281 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inAmbient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined byTransmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer (TEM)D6480 Test Method for Wipe Sampling of Surfaces, IndirectPreparation, and Analysis for Asbestos Structure NumberSurface Load
8、ing by Transmission Electron MicroscopyD6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based onCountsD7200 Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers, in Mines and Quarries, byPhase Contrast Microscopy and Transmission ElectronMicroscopyD7201 Practice for Sampling and C
9、ounting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers, in the Workplace, by PhaseContrast Microscopy (with an Option of TransmissionElectron Microscopy)D7390 Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfacesby Comparison Between Two Environments2.2 Government Standards:USGS Open-File Report 02-458 Tabul
10、ation of Asbestos-Related Terminology3. Terminologyacicular, adjthe shape shown by an extremely slender crystalwith cross-sectional dimensions that are small relative to itslength, that is, needle-like. D6281activity generated aerosol, na dispersion of particles in airthat have become airborne due t
11、o physical disturbances suchas human activity, sweeping, airflow, etc. D7390amphibole, na group of more than 60 different silicateminerals with similar crystal structures and complex com-positions that conform to the nominal formula:A021B2C5T8O22OH,F,Cl!2where:A = K, Na, Ca;B =Fe2+, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na;C
12、 = Al, Cr, Ti, Fe3+, Mg, Fe2+; andMn and T = Si, Al, Cr, Fe3+,Ti.In some varieties of amphibole, these elements can bepartially substituted by Li, Pb, Zn, Be, Ba, or Ni. Amphibolesare characterized by a complex monoclinic or orthorhombicstructure that includes a double chain of T-O tetrahedra with a
13、T:O ratio of approximately 4:11; a variable morphology thatranges from columnar to prismatic to acicular to fibrous; andgood prismatic cleavage at angles of about 56 and 124. Thecleavage may not be readily exhibited by small crystals that arebound by irregular growth and fracture surfaces. D62811Thi
14、s terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Samplingand Analysis of Asbestos.Current edition approved April 15, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in
15、 2011 as D7712 111.DOI:10.1520/D7712-18.2The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with in
16、ternationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1amphibole asbestos, namphibole in an asbestif
17、orm habit.D6281D6480analytical sensitivity, nthe calculated airborne asbestosstructure concentration in asbestos structures/L, equivalentto the counting of one asbestos structure in the analysis.D6281nthe calculated airborne asbestos structure concentrationin asbestos structures/square centimeter, e
18、quivalent to countingof one asbestos structure in the analysis calculated using Eq. 2in D6480. D6480area sample, nan air sample collected so as to represent theconcentration of airborne dust in a specific mine location, orarea, or room of a workplace. D7200nan air sample collected so as to represent
19、 the concen-tration of airborne dust in a specific area or room, which, in thecase of this practice, refers to an area or room of a workplace.D7201asbestiform, adja special type of fibrous habit in which thefibers are separable into thinner fibers and ultimately intofibrils. This habit accounts for
20、greater flexibility and highertensile strength than other habits of the same mineral. D5755D5756adja specific type of fibrous habit in which the fibers areseparable into thinner fibers and ultimately into fibrils. Thishabit accounts for greater flexibility and higher tensile strengththan other habit
21、s of the same mineral. D6281adja specific type of fibrous mineral growth habit inwhich the fibers and fibrils exhibit a polyfilamentous growthhabit and possess high tensile strength and flexibility. Allmaterials regulated as asbestos are asbestiform, but not allasbestiform minerals are classified as
22、 asbestos. Characteristicssuch as tensile strength and flexibility cannot be ascertainedfrom microscopic evaluation. D7200D7201asbestos, na collective term that describes a group ofnaturally occurring, inorganic, highly fibrous, silicate domi-nated minerals, which are easily separated into long, thi
23、n,flexible fibers when crushed or processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition are the asbestiform varietiesof: serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (gruneriteasbestos); anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite (tremoliteasbestos); and actinolite (actinolite asbest
24、os). The amphibole mineralcompositions are defined in accordance with the nomenclature of theInternational Mineralogical Association. D5755na collective term that describes a group of naturallyoccurring, inorganic, highly fibrous, silicate minerals, whichare easily separated into long, thin, flexibl
25、e fibers when crushedor processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition are the asbestiform varietiesof: serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (amosite);anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite (tremolite asbestos);and actinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibole mi
26、neral composi-tions are defined according to nomenclature of the InternationalMineralogical Association. D5756na collective term that describes a group of naturallyoccurring, inorganic, highly-fibrous, silicate minerals, that areeasily separated into long, thin, flexible, strong fibers whencrushed o
27、r processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition are the asbestiform varietiesof serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (gruneriteasbestos Amosite); anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite(tremolite asbestos); and actinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibolemineral
28、 compositions are defined according to the nomenclature of theInternational Mineralogical Association. D6281D6480na term applied to six specific silicate minerals belongingto the serpentine and amphibole groups, which have crystal-lized in the asbestiform habit, causing them to be easilyseparated in
29、to long, thin, flexible, strong fibers when crushedor processed. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Num-bers of the most common asbestos varieties are: chrysotile(12001-29-5), riebeckite asbestos (crocidolite) (12001-28-4),grunerite asbestos (Amosite) (12172-73-5), anthophyllite as-bestos (7753
30、6-67-5), tremolite asbestos (77536-68-6) and ac-tinolite asbestos (77536-66-4). The precise chemical composi-tion of each species varies with the location from which it wasmined. Other amphibole minerals which exhibit the character-istics of asbestos have also been observed. The nominalcompositions
31、of the most common asbestos varieties are:Chrysotile Mg3Si2O5(OH)4, CrocidoliteNa2Fe32+Fe23+Si8O22(OH)2, Amosite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2,Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2, Tremolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) 0.9-1.0, Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) 0.5-0.9.NOTE 1Actinolite composi
32、tions in which Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) is between 0and 0.5 are referred to as ferroactinolite. D7200D7201asbestos fiber, na fiber of asbestos that meets the criteriaspecified below for “fiber.” Phase Contrast Microscopy(PCM) does not identify fibers unequivocally as asbestos.Under the light microscope, a popul
33、ation of asbestos fibersmay appear as a mixture of fiber agglomerates, fiber bundles(polyfilamentous growth, unique to asbestiform fibers), fi-bers with split ends, and single fibers, the relative occurrenceand frequency of each type depending on the situation.D7200D7201asbestos structure, na term a
34、pplied to isolated fibers or toany connected or overlapping grouping of asbestos fibers orbundles, with or without other nonasbestos particles. D6281na term applied to isolated fibers or to any connected oroverlapping grouping of asbestos fibers or bundles, with orwithout other nonasbestos particles
35、. D6480aspect ratio, nthe ratio of the length of a fibrous particle toits average width. D5755D5756nthe ratio of length to width of a particle. D6281D6480nthe ratio of the length of a fiber to its width. D7200D7201D7712 182background, na statistical distribution of structures intro-duced by (i) anal
36、yst counting errors and (ii) contaminationon an unused filter or contamination as a consequence of thesample collection and sample preparation steps.DISCUSSIONThis definition of background is specific to this prac-tice. The only counting errors considered in this definition of back-ground are errors
37、 that result in an over-count (that is, false positives).Analyst counting errors are errors such as, determining the length ofstructures or fibers and whether, based on length, they should becounted; counting artifacts as fibers; determining the number ofstructures protruding from a matrix; and inte
38、rpreting a cluster as one,two, or more structures that should be counted only as zero or onestructure. For purposes of developing the DL, assume that backgroundcontamination sources have been reduced to their lowest achievablelevels. D6620background samples, nsamples taken from surfaces that arecons
39、idered to have concentrations of asbestos in surface dustthat are representative of conditions that exist in an environ-ment that is affected by only prevailing conditions and hasnot experienced events, disturbances or activities unusual forthe environment. D7390blank, na structure count made on TEM
40、 specimens preparedfrom an unused filter to determine the backgroundmeasurement. D6281na filter that has not been used to collect asbestos fromthe target environment. D6620DISCUSSIONBlanks are used in this practice to determine the degreeof asbestos contamination that is reflected in asbestos measur
41、ements.Contamination may be on the virgin filter or introduced in handling thefilter in the field or when preparing it for inspection with a microscope.The data required to determine the degree of contamination consists,therefore, of measurements of field blanks that have experienced thefull prepara
42、tion process.bundle, na structure composed of three or more fibers in aparallel arrangement with the fibers closer than one fiberdiameter to each other. D5755D5756D6480camera length, nthe equivalent projection length betweenthe specimen and its electron 195 diffraction pattern, in theabsence of lens
43、 action. D6281D6480chrysotile, na group of fibrous minerals of the serpentinegroup that have the nominal composition Mg3Si2O5(OH)4and have the crystal structure of either clinochrysotile,orthochrysotile, or parachryosotile. Most natural chrysotiledeviates little from this nominal composition. Chryso
44、tilemay be partially dehydrated or magnesium-leached, both innature and in building materials. In some varieties ofchrysotile, minor substitution of silicon by Al3+may occur.Chrysotile is the most prevalent type of asbestos. D6281D6480cleavage, vthe breaking of a mineral along one of itscrystallogra
45、phic directions. D6281cleavage fragment, na fragment of a crystal that is boundedin whole or in part by cleavage faces. Some cleavagefragments would be included in the fiber definition used inthis method. D6281nmineral particles, normally formed by comminution ofminerals, which often are characteriz
46、ed by parallel sides and amoderate aspect ratio (usually less than 20:1). Non-asbestiformcleavage fragments do not exhibit fibrillar bundling at any levelof examination. D7200cluster, na structure with fibers in a random arrangementsuch that all fibers are intermixed and no single fiber isisolated f
47、rom the group; groupings of fibers must have morethan two points touching. D5755D6480nan aggregate of two or more randomly oriented fibers,with or without bundles. Clusters occur as two varieties:disperse clusters and compact clusters. D5756na structure in which two or more fibers or fiber bundlesar
48、e randomly oriented in a connected grouping. D6281compact cluster, na complex and tightly bound network inwhich one or both ends of each individual fiber or bundle areobscured, such that the dimensions of individual fibers orbundles cannot be unambiguously measured. D5756compact matrix, na structure
49、 consisting of a particle orlinked group of particles, in which fibers or bundles can beseen either within the structure or projecting from it, suchthat the dimensions of individual fibers and bundles cannotbe unambiguously determined. D5756control, nan area that is used as the basis for a comparison.This could be an area where the dust has been previouslycharacterized, an area thought to be suitable for occupancy,an area that has not experienced a disturbance of asbestos-containing materials, or that is for some other reason deemedt
