1、Designation: D7794 12Standard Practice forBlending Mid-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-FuelVehicles with Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7794; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotivespark-ignition engine fuels with
3、ethanol concentrations greaterthan those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less thanthe minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specifica-tion D5798.1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable foruse in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engine
4、s. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operateon gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the require-ments of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet therequirements of Specification D5798, or any combination ofthese. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by theU.S.
5、EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended fromeither:1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the require-ments of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganicchloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kginorganic c
6、hloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignitionengine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at adistribution terminal or bulk plant), or1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to SpecificationD5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming toSpecification D4814 (often at a retail site
7、).1.4 This practice describes the required procedures forblending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuelvehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercialdelivery site. These requirements may be applied at otherpoints in the production and distribution system when provided
8、by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
9、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating
10、to Petroleum, Petroleum Prod-ucts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
11、FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Content ofDenatured Fuel Ethanol by Ga
12、s ChromatographyD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatil
13、ity MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystems1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibilit
14、y of Subcommittee D02.A0.02on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. DOI: 10.1520/D779412.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
15、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel E
16、thanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride inFuel Ethanol by Ion Chromatography Using AqueousSample Injection2.2 Other Standards:316 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations
17、, Title 16,Part 30640 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,Part 863. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 automotive fuel rating, nthe automotive fuel ratingrequired under the amended Octane Certification and PostingRule (or as a
18、mended, the Fuel Rating Rule), 16 CFR, Part 306.3.2.1.1 DiscussionUnder this Rule, sellers of liquid auto-motive fuels, including alternative fuels, must determine,certify, and post an appropriate automotive fuel rating. Theautomotive fuel rating for gasoline is the antiknock index(octane rating). T
19、he automotive fuel rating for alternativeliquid fuels consists of the common name of the fuel along witha disclosure of the amount, expressed as a minimum percent-age by volume, of the principal component of the fuel. Foralternative liquid automotive fuels, a disclosure of othercomponents, expressed
20、 as a minimum percentage by volume,may be included, if desired. This is applicable in the UnitedStates.3.2.2 conventional-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed tooperate on spark-ignition engine fuel that complies withSpecification D4814.3.2.3 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage
21、 use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulatory agency to prevent theimposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.4 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH. D48063.2.5 ethanol fuel blend, na high concentration ethanol-based fuel for flexible-fue
22、l spark-ignition engines and vehicles.3.2.6 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operateon either unleaded gasoline or ethanol fuel blends or mixturesof both. D57983.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicleshave U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline comply-ing with U.S
23、. EPA requirements and ethanol fuel blends thatmeet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.2.7 fuel blending dispenser, na device for measuring anddispensing fuel, conforming to the standards established by theapplicable regulatory jurisdictions, that can volumetricallycombine two different base
24、products into newly formedblended products that may be dispensed through a single hoseor multiple hose dispenser configuration.3.2.8 fuel ethanol, na grade of undenatured ethanol withother components common to its production (including water)that do not affect the use of the product as a component f
25、orautomotive spark-ignition engine fuels. D48063.2.9 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.D48143.2.10 gasoline-ethanol blend, na fuel consisting primar-ily of g
26、asoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen) of ethanol. D48063.2.11 mid-level ethanol fuel blend, nan automotivespark-ignition engine fuel with an ethanol concentrationgreater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles andless than the minimum ethanol content limit
27、of SpecificationD5798.3.2.11.1 DiscussionMid-level ethanol fuel blends are of-ten referred to as EXX, where XX represents the nominalpercentage of denatured fuel ethanol.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides procedures for blending automo-tive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol conc
28、entrationsgreater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles andless than the minimum ethanol content limit of SpecificationD5798. It addresses in detail the various factors which need tobe considered when blending. These considerations includeselection of fuel components for blending and ge
29、neral handlinginformation.5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel blending components specified in this practiceshall meet the performance requirements of SpecificationsD4814, and either D5798 or D4806 and all applicable regula-tory fuel requirements.5.2 The blending party, being responsible for the fin
30、ishedproduct, shall be provided, at the time of delivery of the fuel,on product transfer documents, an invoice, bill of lading,shipping paper, or other documentation, a declaration of theproduct type and grade of the fuels that are the intended fuelblending components. It is recommended that the ble
31、ndingparty conduct testing and inspections to determine applicableproperties that are necessary to ensure the blending of compli-ant mid-level ethanol fuel blends.5.3 Product transfer documents alone may not be sufficientto demonstrate conformance. A Certificate of Analysis repre-sentative of the fu
32、el being delivered is recommended to ensurecompliance.5.4 The fuel blender or testing analyst, or both, is warnedthat some requirements and test methods applicable to auto-motive spark-ignition engine fuels depend on whether the fuelis a gasoline, a gasoline-ethanol blend, or ethanol fuel blend.Once
33、 the amount of ethanol is known for the gasoline or3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.D7794 122gasoline-ethanol blend component and for the SpecificationD5798 ethanol fuel blend or
34、Specification D4806 fuel ethanolcomponent, the appropriate blending ratios can be determinedfor the blending of the two components.5.4.1 Test Method D5501 shall be used for determination ofthe volume percent ethanol for the fuel ethanol component(that is, high concentration ethanol) and to verify th
35、e mid-levelblend fuel, and Test Methods D4815 or D5599 shall be used forthe gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blend component (that is, lowconcentration ethanol).5.5 In order to ensure the presence of no more than 1 mg/kginorganic chloride in the finished fuel or in SpecificationD5798, the ethanol compon
36、ent specified herein shall meet allthe requirements of Specification D4806 with a more restric-tive inorganic chloride limit as determined in Test MethodsD7319 and D7328. The hydrocarbon blending componentspecified herein shall meet all the requirements of SpecificationD4814.5.6 Mid-level ethanol fu
37、el blends shall be visually free ofwater, sediment, and suspended matter. It shall be clear andbright at the point and condition of custody transfer and displayno indication of phase separation.5.7 The finished fuel shall also be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that could render the fuel unacce
38、ptable for itscommonly used applications.6. Blending Procedures6.1 This practice includes procedures for blending mid-levelethanol fuel blends at the bulk distribution terminal and at retailusing a fuel blending dispenser.6.2 A fuel blending plan shall be developed describing thenecessary actions ne
39、eded to achieve the targeted mid-levelethanol fuel blends and performance expectations of flexible-fuel vehicles.6.2.1 Blending plans utilizing new equipment installation orconversion of existing equipment depend on thorough prepa-ration and planning for the entire fuel system.6.2.2 The investigatio
40、n and design of the wetted fuel systemstarts with a review of the flow of the fuel from receipt throughretail delivery ensuring materials compatibility with the blend-ing components and the blended mid-level ethanol fuel blends.6.2.3 Fuel storage and blending systems shall be approvedby the jurisdic
41、tions in charge of storage tanks, fuel dispensers,and associated equipment.6.2.4 If a single hose blending dispenser is used, the entiredispenser shall be dedicated to serving flexible-fuel vehicles. Ifa multiple hose dispenser configuration is used, one hose maybe dedicated to E0 or E10 fuel, and o
42、ne or more additionalhoses may be dedicated to mid-level ethanol fuel blends.6.2.5 Documentation of the findings and changes madeduring the system review may prove beneficial for the fuelblenders future reference.6.2.6 The plan should include a strategy for handling thevariability in ethanol and gas
43、oline content in fuels beingdelivered and shall take into consideration the design andoperational abilities of the blending meters that will be used.6.2.7 This review should apply to the initial handling pointat the terminal, through the distribution and transport system,and ultimately to the end po
44、intthe retail point of sale.6.3 Determination of Blending Component Properties:6.3.1 It is the responsibility of the suppliers of fuels that willbe used for blending mid-level ethanol fuel blends to providethe blending parties with product transfer documents thatcontain, at a minimum, the informatio
45、n required by all appli-cable regulatory agencies. In the United States, this includes,among other items, a product description and the applicableAutomotive Fuel Rating. The fuel supplier is responsible forensuring that the product transfer documents are a true andaccurate representation of the mate
46、rials being supplied. Be-cause product transfer documents are not always required tocontain all information necessary for the blending party toaccurately determine compliance with the final blend, theblending party must be prepared to either obtain a Certificate ofAnalysis from the fuel supplier(s),
47、 arrange for specific pur-chase specifications with their supplier(s), or have a sample ofeach component tested periodically to determine the ethanolcontent using Test Methods D4815 or D5599 for gasoline orgasoline-ethanol blends, and Test Method D5501 for Specifi-cation D5798 ethanol fuel blend, th
48、e resulting mid-levelethanol fuel blend, or for Specification D4806 denatured fuelethanol. For Specification D4806 denatured fuel ethanol, theblending party shall also determine that the inorganic chloridecontent does not exceed a level that would result in finishedmid-level ethanol fuel blend that
49、would have more that thespecified 1 mg/kg maximum of Specification D5798.6.3.2 The blending party should be aware that the spark-ignition engine fuel (Specification D4814) used may containethanol up to the maximum concentrations permitted by fuelspecifications and regulations, and that this content maychange over time. Likewise, ethanol fuel blends (SpecificationD5798) may change in ethanol content depending upon themonth and location of the intended sale of the ethanol fuel.These changes must be taken into account when preparingblending formulas for mid-level ethano
