1、Designation: D7862 13Standard Specification forButanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers butanol intended to be blendedwith gasoline at 1 to 12.5 volume % for use
3、as an automotivespark-ignition engine fuel.1.1.1 Butanol contains 22 mass % oxygen. The mass % ofoxygen of a butanol blend with gasoline depends on thevolume % of butanol blended, the density of the butanol isomerand the density of the base blendstock.1.1.2 The maximum limit on blending is not a per
4、formancelimit but a current regulatory limit in the United States.1.2 This specification covers three butanol isomers:1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. This specifica-tion specifically excludes 2-methyl-2-propanol (that is, tert-butyl alcohol).1.2.1 Tert-butyl alcohol has different phys
5、ical properties(melting point, water miscibility) than the other three isomers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
6、its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1298 Te
7、st Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Prod
8、ucts byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual
9、 Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4814 Specification
10、 for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299
11、 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyE29 Pr
12、actice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration3. Terminol
13、ogy3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.NOTE 1The user is advised that the definitions used by various1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxyg
14、enated Fuels.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published August 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7862-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
15、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1industries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specificto this specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that
16、 theterms used in a particular context are clearly understood.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcombustion engines. D48143.2.2 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containi
17、ng, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or fuel supplement. D48143.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 butanol, nbutanol or butyl alcohol refers to1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl 1-propanol, three isomericalcohols with the molecular
18、 formula C4H9OH, either individu-ally or as mixtures.4. Performance Requirements4.1 ButanolButanol shall conform to the requirementsshown in Table 1 at the time of blending with a gasoline. (SeeNote 2.)NOTE 2Commercial processes used to manufacture butanol frombiological feedstock typically yield so
19、me fusel oil or alcohols such aspentanol and other higher alcohols.4.1.1 For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecification limits, an observed value or a calculated valueshall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-mostsignificant digit used in expressing the specification limit
20、, inaccordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For aspecification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero issignificant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specifiedlimit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit isnon-zero, the right-most digit is significant with
21、out a decimalpoint being specified. This convention applies to specifiedlimits in Table 1 and will not be observed in the remainder ofthis specification.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than thosespecified above, or the specification of additional propertiessuch as color, may be agreed up
22、on between the supplier and thepurchaser.5. Workmanship5.1 The butanol shall be visually free of sediment andsuspended matter. It shall be clear and bright at the ambienttemperature or 21C, whichever is higher.5.2 The product shall be free of any adulterant or contami-nant that can render the materi
23、al unacceptable for its com-monly used applications.5.2.1 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by silicon-containing materials. Siliconcontamination of gasoline-oxygenate blends has led to fouledvehicle components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygensensors, ca
24、talytic converters) requiring parts replacement andrepairs.5.2.2 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by acetone. Acetone contamination ofgasoline-oxygenate blends can degrade elastomers used in fuelsystem components as well as paint and/or clearcoat finishesused on
25、 vehicles.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The user is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to understand the importance andeffects of sampling technique, proper containers, and specialhandling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedu
26、res are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 or Practice E300 formanual method sampling and in Practice D4177 for automaticmethod sampling, as applicable.6.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselectio
27、n are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer to PracticeD5854 for procedures on container selection and samplemixing and handling. All sampling and storage containersshould be eva
28、luated for durability and contamination of buta-nol prior to use. Butanol may be sampled in glass containers;however sodium leaching from glass containers has beenshown to interfere with sulfate analysis. HDPE (high densitypolyethylene) containers may be used in place of glass to avoidsodium leachin
29、g. If samples must be collected in metalcontainers, do not use soldered metal containers. Soldering fluxin the containers and lead in the solder can contaminate thesample.6.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L or 1 U.S. qt isrecommended.6.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amountcontained
30、in a tanker compartment or other bulk container inTABLE 1 RequirementsProperty Limit MethodButanol, volume %, min 96.0 Annex A11-butanol, volume % Report Annex A12-butanol, volume % Report Annex A12-methyl 1-propanol, volume % Report Annex A1Methanol, volume % max 0.4 Annex A1Water content, volume %
31、, max 1.0 E203 or E1064Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), mass % (mg/L), max 0.007 (56) D1613Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg (mg/L), max 8 (6) D7319Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 mL, max 5.0 D381Sulfur, mg/kg, max 30. D2622, D5453Existent sulfate, mg/kg, max 4. D7319D7862 132which it is delivered. If this defi
32、nition does not apply, thedefinition of a lot shall be agreed upon between the supplierand purchaser.NOTE 3See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, andStatistical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E300 for a detaileddiscussion of the statistics of sampling.7. Test Methods7.1 The sco
33、pe of some of the test methods listed below donot include butanol. The precisions of those test methods candiffer from the reported precisions when testing butanol.7.2 Water ContentTest Methods E203 or E1064.7.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D381, airjet apparatus.7.4 AcidityTest Method D161
34、3.7.5 Sulfur ContentIn the United States, US EPA allowsTest Methods D3120 or D5453 for measuring sulfur in gasolineas long as these alternative test method results are correlated tothe US EPA designated Test Method D2622 when determiningcompliance with US Federal EPA sulfur standards.7.6 Inorganic C
35、hlorideTest Method D7319.7.7 Butanol (1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol)See Annex A1 for a test method.7.8 MethanolSee Annex A1 for a test method.7.9 Total SulfateTest Method D7319.8. Keywords8.1 acidity; automotive spark-ignition engine fuel; basegasoline; bio-butanol; butanol; chloride ion
36、 content; corrosioninhibitors; fuel; gasoline; gasoline-butanol blend; impurities;oxygenate; solvent-washed gum; sulfate ion content; sulfurcontent; water contentANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BUTANOL AND ACETONE CONTENT OF BUTANOL FOR BLENDINGWITH GASOLINE BY GAS C
37、HROMATOGRAPHYA1.1. ScopeA1.1.1 This test method covers the gas chromatographicdetermination of the butanol content of butanol for blendingwith gasoline.A1.1.2 Butanol is determined from 95 to 99.9 mass %,acetone is determined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %, ethanol isdetermined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %, and
38、 methanol is deter-mined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %. Equations used to convertthese individual components from mass % to volume % areprovided.A1.1.3 This test method does identify and quantify acetonebut does not purport to identify all individual components thatcan be present in butanol for gasoline b
39、lending.A1.1.4 Water is determined by the test method referenced inTable 1.A1.1.5 This test method is inappropriate for impurities thatboil at temperatures higher than 225C or for impurities thatcause poor or no response in a flame ionization detector, suchas water.A1.1.6 The values stated in SI uni
40、ts are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.A1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
41、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.A1.2. Referenced DocumentsA1.2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (KarlFischer Reagent Titration Method)D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use asAnalytical StandardsD4626
42、 Practice for Calculation of Gas ChromatographicResponse FactorsE355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relation-shipsE594 Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Usedin Gas or Supercritical Fluid ChromatographyE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Prec
43、ision of a Test MethodA1.3. TerminologyA1.3.1 DefinitionsThis test method makes reference tomany common gas chromatographic procedures, terms, andrelationships. Detailed definitions can be found in PracticesE355 and E594.A1.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:A1.3.2.1 butanol, nfor th
44、e purposes of this method, buta-nol or butyl alcohol refers to 3 of the structural isomers ofbutanol 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
45、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D7862 133A1.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis method has not been evaluatedfor use with the butanol isomer 2-methyl-2-propanol.A1.4. Summary of Test MethodA1.4.1 A representative aliquot of the butanol sample isintroduced int
46、o a gas chromatograph equipped with a polydim-ethylsiloxane bonded phase capillary column. Helium carriergas transports the vaporized aliquot through the column wherethe components are separated by the chromatographic process.Components are sensed by a flame ionization detector as theyelute from the
47、 column. The detector signal is processed by anelectronic data acquisition system. The butanol, acetone,ethanol, and methanol components are identified by comparingtheir retention times to the ones identified by analyzingstandards under identical conditions. The concentrations of allcomponents are d
48、etermined in mass percent area by normal-ization of the peak areas.A1.5. Significance and UseA1.5.1 Butanol is a potential blendstock for blending withgasoline provided that it meets a purity specification of96.0 % butanol in accordance with Specification D7862. Thistest method provides a method of
49、determining the percentageof butanol (purity) of the butanol for blending with gasoline.A1.6. ApparatusA1.6.1 Gas Chromatograph, capable of operating at theconditions listed in Table A1.1. A heated flash vaporizinginjector designed to provide a linear sample split injection (forexample, 200:1) is required for proper sample introduction.Carrier gas controls shall be of adequate precision to providereproducible column flows and split ratios in order to maintainanalytical integrity. Pressure control devices and gauges shallbe designed to attain the linear vel
