1、Designation: D7865 13Standard Guide forIdentification, Packaging, Handling, Storage andDeployment of Fabricated Geomembrane Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation ; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers guidelines for the identification,packaging, handling, storage and deployment of fabri
3、catedgeomembrane panels. This guide is not to be considered as allencompassing since each project involving fabricated panelspresents its own challenges and special conditions.1.2 This guide is intended to aid fabricators, suppliers,purchasers, and users of fabricated panels in the identification,pa
4、ckaging, handling, storage, and deployment of fabricatedgeomembrane panels.1.3 This guide is written for factory fabricated geomem-brane panels only. Other geosynthetics use Guide D4873 astheir guide.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are i
5、ncluded in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
6、r to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4873 Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling ofGeosynthetic Rolls and Samples3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Some with terms applying to this guideappear in Terminology D4439.3.1.1 accordion-folded and rol
7、led panel, nrefers to anaccordion-folded fabricated panel that is first accordion-foldedto the desired width and then rolled to form a finished, rolledbundle for transport.3.1.2 accordion-folded panel, nrefers to a fabricated panelwhere the material is folded back and forth in a “Z” formationin the
8、same principal direction as the seams. This folding takesa wider panel of material and makes it into a narrow stack. Forexample a 30 m by 30 m prefabricated panel could beaccordion-folded intoa3mwide stack of material 10 layersdeep and 30 m long.3.1.3 double accordion-folded panel, nrefers to anacco
9、rdion-folded fabricated panel that is accordion-folded tothe desired width and then accordion-folded in the lengthdirection onto a pallet (or into a container). Double accordion-folded panels typically appear as a “cube” of material withsquare corners.3.1.4 fabricated panel, nrefers to a geomembrane
10、 panelseamed at a fabrication facility into a larger panel than theoriginal roll stock material. A fabricated panel may be a largerrectangular panel of geomembrane or may be a specificfabricated shape or may contain special job-specific detailwork.3.1.5 rolled panel, nrefers to a fabricated panel th
11、at isrolled from one end or in some cases from both ends to themiddle.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fabricator, nthe person or organization by whom thegeomembrane material is fabricated into a fabricated panel.4. Significance and Use4.1 For a fabricated panel to be properl
12、y used it must beadequately identified and packaged. It must be handled andstored in such a way that its physical property values are notdegraded. Failure to follow good practice may result in theunnecessary failure of the fabricated panel in a properlydesigned application.4.2 This guide is not inte
13、nded to replace project-specificstorage, handling, identification, packaging, or installationrequirements or quality assurance programs.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition a
14、pproved July 1, 2013. Published July 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7865132For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit
15、e.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Procedure5.1 Fabrication and Identification:5.1.1 Fabricated geomembrane panels are seamed to thecustomer-specified sizes according to previously agreed speci-fications. If a projec
16、t layout is required then the fabricatedpanel is prepared according to the project layout. Specialfabricated panels such as shaped panels or panels with fittingsshould be fabricated according to customer-approved draw-ings.5.1.2 All fabricated geomembrane panels should beuniquely identified with a n
17、umber or other identificationmarkings. These identification markings should clearly identifywhere the panel will be placed in any project layout.5.1.3 Identify each fabricated geomembrane panel with adurable, gummed weather resistant label, or equivalent. Onelabel should be placed directly on the ma
18、terial after fabricationand one label should be attached to the outside of thepackaging.5.1.4 Panel identification should include, at a minimum, thename of the fabricator, product or style number, and the uniquepanel identification number or marking. All designationsshould be clearly marked and read
19、able for the anticipatedstorage period. The identification label should also include thewidth and length of the fabricated panel. For special fabricatedpanels a description of the panel features is recommended.5.1.5 All fabricated geomembrane panels should include amarking that shows how the panel w
20、ill unroll or unfold on site.This marking is important to the installer so that the panel canbe properly positioned before deployment.5.1.6 All seam tests and inspections should be completedprior to shipment of the panel. Weld tests and inspectionsshould be fully documented.NOTE 1Seam test frequency
21、 and specifications are outside the scopeof this guide. Refer to job specifications or industry standard specificationsfor information about tests and test frequency.5.1.7 On projects where traceability is a requirement QCdocumentation should make a clear connection between theunique panel marking,
22、the weld test data for that panel, and theidentification of the specific rolls that went into the making ofthe fabricated geomembrane panel.5.2 Folding, Rolling, and Packaging:5.2.1 The seaming of multiple strips of geomembrane into afabricated panel results in a panel wider than the initial rollwid
23、ths. This wider panel can either be rolled “as is” (rolledpanel), or accordion-folded and then rolled or double accordionfolded for transport. Rolled panels are typically not wider than10 m as it is difficult to physically handle rolls this widewithout damaging them. Most fabricated panels are accor
24、dion-folded to a narrower width of between 2 to 4 m.5.2.2 An accordion folded and rolled panel is wound onto asturdy core suitable for the weight of the panel. Accordion-folded and rolled panels are often placed on a pallet fortransport.5.2.3 For double accordion-folded panels the narrow,accordion-f
25、olded panel is folded once more lengthwise onto asturdy pallet (or often into a cardboard container or crate). Theresulting package is typically rectangular. Double accordion-folded panels are often sized to fit into transport trucks.5.2.4 When a pallet is used to support the fabricatedgeomembrane p
26、anel it should extend past the finished dimen-sions of the panel. One or two layers of geotextile,geomembrane, cardboard or other suitable material should beplaced on the pallet to protect the finished panel from cominginto direct contact with the pallet.5.2.5 All pallets and crates should be inspec
27、ted to make surethat there are no protruding fasteners that could damage thematerial. Pallets and crates should be in good condition.5.2.6 Packaging for fabricated geomembrane panels shouldbe suitably weather resistant for the anticipated storage condi-tions. A common packaging is a wrap of a weathe
28、r resistantmaterial that protects the fabricated panel from UV damageand precipitation. Other packaging such as a large cardboardbox with a lid is also sometimes used.5.2.7 Slings, rope, or other handling and deployment aidsare attached to the panel after the packaging is completed andoften prior to
29、 the panel being placed on a pallet.5.2.8 The outside label is applied and the unfolding markingis carefully checked and aligned on the packaged panel.5.3 Transportation, Handling, and Storage:5.3.1 Transport fabricated geomembranes to the project siteusing the most direct method. Transferring fabri
30、cated panelsfrom truck to truck during interline transfers can cause damagedue to handling. Direct shipments are recommended. If mul-tiple handling is required then adding protection to the sides ofthe packaging is recommended to protect the edges of the panelduring interline transfers. If extensive
31、 handling is required intransit then crating the panels is recommended.5.3.2 While unloading or transferring the fabricated panelsfrom one location to another, prevent damage to the wrappingand to the fabricated panel itself. If the fabricated panel ispalletized or stored in a crate, a standard fork
32、lift with forkslong enough to reach through the pallet or crate should be used.5.3.3 Slings may be used to carry relatively large fabricatedpanels, provided that the slings do not cause damage to thepanels. Do not drag the panels as damage may result.5.3.4 Inspect fabricated panels at time of delive
33、ry to the siteand make any claims for damage with the carrier. The receivinginspection should verify the number and identity of the panels,ensure that the packaging is intact and the panels are notdamaged, and that the labels and deployment markings are inplace.5.3.5 Fabricated panels, when possible
34、, should be stored onpallets off the ground. The storage area should be dry with afirm base. Ensure that the packaging on each panel remains inplace and is suitable to protect the fabricated panels fromultraviolet radiation and other expected weathering.5.3.6 Follow all applicable site or project sp
35、ecifications andmanufacturers recommendations for handling and installationof fabricated panels.5.4 Deployment:5.4.1 Before deploying a fabricated panel at the job site,verify its identification. If there is a project layout then matchthe panel identification marking to the project layout.D7865 1325
36、.4.2 Move the fabricated geomembrane panel with suitablelifting equipment following all site safety requirements.5.4.3 Fabricated geomembrane panels are normally placedat a starting point on one corner of the area to be lined. Thedeployment markings on the packaging or label will indicatewhich direc
37、tion the panel will unfold. Note that rolled panels oraccordion-folded and rolled panels will unroll in only oneprincipal direction while double accordion-folded panels mayunfold in either principal direction.5.4.4 Remove packaging prior to deployment. Double checkthe unrolling direction of rolled,
38、and accordion-folded androlled panels, and adjust the starting point if necessary.5.4.5 Unroll, unfold the fabricated panel into the area to belined. Do not deploy panels if winds are above site safetyspecifications or above the manufacturers (or fabricators)recommended wind speed for deployment.5.4
39、.6 While unrolling and/or unfolding inspect the fabri-cated panel for damage or defects. Repair any damage foundper project specifications.5.4.7 Provide suitable wind uplift protection with sandbagsor other ballast.NOTE 2Seaming and testing are not part of this guideline.6. Keywords6.1 fabricated pa
40、nels; geomembranes; identifications; la-belings; storagesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such paten
41、t rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eithe
42、r for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair he
43、aring you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D7865 133
