1、Designation: D7886 14Standard Practice forAsbestos Exposure Assessments for RepetitiveMaintenance and Installation Tasks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes procedures for assessing theexposure of workers to airborne fibers who perform repe
3、titivetasks of short duration where small quantities of asbestos-containing materials must be disturbed in order to performmaintenance and installation activities.1.2 This practice describes the facilities and equipment forperforming the tasks under controlled conditions for theexpress purpose of co
4、llecting personal air samples to determineworker exposure. The tasks are performed on actual asbestos-containing materials during Exposure Assessment tests andprecautions are taken for personal protection and avoidingcontamination of adjacent spaces.1.3 This practice describes the air sample collect
5、ionprocedures, the analytical methods for the air samples, and thecalculation of worker exposure including the use of statisticalconfidence limits. This practice differentiates between the testto obtain exposure data and the current job to which the dataare applied, and describes the duties of the i
6、ndividuals whoconduct these separate activities.1.4 The results are applied to the current job as definedherein for determining worker protection such as respiratoryprotection or for other purposes as determined by the compe-tent person responsible for the current job. The results of thetests shall
7、not be applied to current jobs that are expected todiffer substantially from the test conditions in work practices,material properties or other factors that might affect theconcentration of airborne asbestos fibers.1.5 This practice is not intended to be used for asbestosabatement work for which the
8、 objective is the removal ofasbestos-containing materials. It is designed to assess expo-sures for short-term repetitive tasks. Compliance with regula-tory requirements as to the purpose of the work and limits onthe quantity of asbestos-containing materials disturbed is theresponsibility of the user
9、.1.6 This practice describes procedures for determining ex-posure to airborne asbestos fibers. It does not purport todetermine the risk of acquiring an asbestos-related disease forany individual, trade or work practice, nor does it represent thatcompliance with any criterion constitutes a “safe” lev
10、el ofexposure that is free of such risk.1.7 HazardsAsbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-gens. Breathing asbestos fibers may result in disease of thelungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.Precautions should be taken to avoid breathing airborneasbestos particles from materials k
11、nown or suspected tocontain asbestos. See 2.2 for regulatory requirements address-ing asbestos.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not consider
12、ed standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
13、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos AbatementProjectsE2356 Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Sur-veysE2394 Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair ofInstalled Asbestos Cement ProductsD7712 Terminology for Sampling and Analysis
14、of Asbestos2.2 Other Documents:29 CFR 1926.1101 Occupational Exposure to Asbestos:Construction Industry Standard, August 10, 199431This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Sampling and Analysisof Asbestos.C
15、urrent edition approved April 15, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/D7886-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
16、ge onthe ASTM website.3Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States140 CFR Part 763 Asbestos Model
17、Accreditation Plan, Ap-pendix C to Subpart E: Interim Final Rule, February 3,19944EPA/600/R-93/116 Method for the Determination of Asbes-tos in Bulk Building Materials, June 19934NIOSH Method 7400 Asbestos and Other Fibers by PCM,Issue 2, dated 15 August 1994, NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods (NMAM
18、), Fourth Edition, August 15,19945NIOSH Method 7402 Asbestos by TEM, Issue 2, dated 15August 1994, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods(NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/9453. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 asbestos, na collective term that describes a groupof naturally occurring, inorganic, highly fibrou
19、s, silicate domi-nated minerals, which are easily separated into long, thin,flexible fibers when crushed or processed. D77123.1.2 asbestos-containing materials (ACM), nmaterialscontaining more than one percent asbestos. E13683.1.2.1 DiscussionAsbestos-containing materials includesurfacing material,
20、thermal system insulation, and miscella-neous material. See Practice E1368 for definitions of theseterms.3.1.3 critical barriers, none or more layers of rigidlysupported plastic sheeting sealed over all openings into anasbestos work area (with the exception of make-up air provi-sions and means of en
21、try and exit), designed to preventairborne asbestos fibers or asbestos-contaminated water frommigrating to an adjacent area. E13683.1.3.1 DiscussionFor purposes of this practice, criticalbarriers are intended to be used for the exposure assessmenttests and not for the current job.3.1.4 high effcienc
22、y particulate air (HEPA) filter, nthefinal stage filter on a negative pressure ventilation device or ona vacuum cleaner, capable of trapping and retaining at least99.97 percent of all mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 m indiameter. E13683.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clean ro
23、om, nan uncontaminated room serving asthe entrance to and exit from the shower of a decontaminationarea.3.2.2 competent person, none who is capable of identify-ing existing asbestos hazards in the workplace and who has theauthority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them,who certifies t
24、hat an Exposure Assessment applies to a currentjob, and who meets the qualifications in Annex A1.3.2.3 current job, na task to which a worker is assignedthat “closely resembles” the task for which the ExposureAssessment test was conducted in terms of work practices andsimilarity of asbestos-containi
25、ng materials.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe terms “closely resembles” and“current job” appear in 29 CFR 1926.1101(f)(iii)(B).3.2.4 decontamination area, nan enclosed area adjacentand connected to the enclosure, consisting of an equipmentroom, shower area, and clean room, which is used for entry tothe enclosu
26、re and for decontamination upon exiting.3.2.5 eight-hour time-weighted-average (8-h TWA), nameasurement representing exposure averaged over an eight-hour time period.3.2.6 exposure assessment, ndetermination of the airbornefiber concentration to which a worker may be subjected as aresult of performi
27、ng a specific work practice with a specificasbestos-containing material.3.2.7 negative pressure enclosure, na space, containingthe asbestos-containing materials on which the test isperformed, that is maintained under negative pressure by aHEPA-filtered exhaust device to prevent leakage of contami-na
28、ted air into the surrounding area.3.2.8 permissible exposure limits (PELs), nregulatory lim-its to exposure to airborne asbestos fibers as defined below.3.2.8.1 time-weighted-average limit (TWA), neight-hourtime-weighted employee exposure limit such as 0.1 f/cc inaccordance with 29 CFR 1926.1101.3.2
29、.8.1.1 DiscussionRegulatory exposure limits in othercountries, or exposure limits for individual employers, maydiffer from 3.2.8.1 and 3.2.8.2, and may be described asOccupational Exposure Limits or with other terminology.3.2.8.2 excursion limit (EL), nthirty-minute employeeexposure limit such as 1.
30、0 f/cc in accordance with 29 CFR1926.1101.3.2.8.2.1 DiscussionSee 3.2.8.1.1.3.2.9 test conductor, nthe individual who plans the test forthe Exposure Assessment, directs the test operations and takesair samples, who calculates worker exposures from the airsampling data, and prepares the Exposure Asse
31、ssment Report.3.2.10 test supervisor, nthe individual who supervises thetest for the Exposure Assessment, including operation of thenegative pressure enclosure.3.2.11 test worker, nthe individual who performs the taskunder the direction of the test conductor and under thesupervision of the test supe
32、rvisor during the Exposure Assess-ment test.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe duties of the test conductor, testsupervisor and test worker are described in Section 6 and theirqualifications are described in Annex A1.4. Significance and Use4.1 Work practices, engineering controls, personal protec-tive equipment
33、 and other precautions to minimize exposure toairborne asbestos fibers have been extensively documented inregulations, training manuals and other publications. The workdescribed in these publications ranges from large-scale abate-ment projects to minor disturbances and clean-up. PracticesE1368 and E
34、2394 address these issues within the context oftheir subject matter.4Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.5Available from The National Institute for Occupational Safety an
35、d Health(NIOSH), a subset of the Centers for Disease Control NOTE 1These OSHA PELs will be used for illustration purposes inthis practice.4.6.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit of 0.1 f/cc;4.6.3 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-
36、gienists (ACGIH6) Threshold Limit Value (TLV7) of 0.1 f/ccfor respirable fibers;4.6.4 Employee exposure limits imposed by other govern-mental jurisdictions;4.6.5 Employee exposure limits to establish engineeringcontrols, respiratory and personal protection, and other require-ments of an employers po
37、licy or the requirements of aspecification or procedure that applies to the current job; and4.6.6 Non-occupational exposure limits for building occu-pants and other affected persons.4.7 Compliance with the PELs and other criteria is typicallydetermined by analyzing the air samples using NIOSH Method
38、7400 for Phase Contrast Microscopy, which reports all fibersmeeting the counting criteria and does not distinguish betweenasbestos and non-asbestos fibers. The Exposure Assessmentcan be based on analysis using NIOSH Method 7402 forTransmission Electron Microscopy, which identifies asbestosfibers and
39、 adjusts the fiber count from a NIOSH Method 7400analysis.4.8 An important aspect of an Exposure Assessment isdetermining a margin of safety between the exposures mea-sured during the test and criteria for respiratory protection,regulatory compliance or other purposes. This practice there-fore inclu
40、des a statistical test (Confidence Factor) for theexposure based on the air sample results from a test asdescribed in Section 7.4.9 The responsibility for comparing the results of the testperformed for the Exposure Assessment is given to thecompetent person, usually but not necessarily someone in as
41、upervisory capacity, who compares the conditions underwhich the test was performed to those for the current job towhich a worker has been assigned. If the work practices andasbestos-containing materials are sufficiently similar in thejudgment of the competent person, and the worker has beentrained o
42、n the work practice using simulated asbestos-containing materials, the competent person certifies that theExposure Assessment applies to the current job for purposes ofrespiratory protection and other precautions. A form is pro-vided in Appendix X1 for this purpose.NOTE 2OSHA regulations in 29 CFR 1
43、926.1101 permit an employerto dispense with respiratory protection and other precautions on the basisof an Exposure Assessment (sometimes called a Negative ExposureAssessment) or on the basis of “objective data.” This practice does not usethe terms “Negative Exposure Assessment” and “objective data,
44、” and theresponsibility for elimination of protective measures based on an Expo-sure Assessment remains with the competent person. 29 CFR 1926.1101requires a “high degree of certainty” that the PELs will not be exceeded,but does not define this parameter.6ACGHI is a trademark of American Conference
45、of Governmental IndustrialHygienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH.7TLV is a trademark of American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH.D7886 1435. Qualifications5.1 The Exposure Assessment test and application of itsresults are performed by the test conductor, test supervis
46、or testworker and competent person who must meet the qualificationsin Annex A1, including but not limited to applicable trainingrequirements set forth in the Model Accreditation Plan andOSHA regulations.5.2 It is not expected that the competent person who appliesthe Exposure Assessment test results
47、to the current job will actin the capacity of test conductor for the tests, but the employer,a trade association or other affected organization may arrangefor the tests to be done.5.3 Regulations of the country, state or local jurisdiction inwhich the tests are conducted and the current job is perfo
48、rmedmay also apply and are the responsibility of the user todetermine and comply with.6. Exposure Assessment Testing6.1 The Exposure Assessment test is conducted at a sitewhere conditions can be controlled, usually in a negativepressure enclosure inside of a building.8For materials installedoutside
49、of a building, the test should be conducted away fromwindows and ventilation intakes. Because the Exposure As-sessment is done without knowing if exposures exceed theTWA or EL, it must be assumed for purposes of the test thatthese limits will be exceeded and appropriate precautionstaken. This means that the test worker and test conductor mustwear respirators and protective clothing. The test supervisormay not be the person who performs the testing because hemust remain outside the negative pressure enclosure during thetest. “Double-suiting” wearing two
