1、Designation: D7887 13Standard Guide forSelection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Liquid FillingSubstances for Packagings Subjected to the United NationsPerformance Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7887; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to clarify the selection, useand
3、description criteria of non-hazardous liquid substitutesused to replace hazardous materials for the purpose of perfor-mance testing packagings. This includes identification of thephysical parameters of substitute non-hazardous liquid test fillmaterials that may affect packaging performance and testr
4、esults and should be considered when selecting and describinga test fill material that conforms to the requirements of theHazardous Materials Regulations (HMR).1.2 This guide provides information to assist packagingusers, manufacturers, and performance testing service suppliersregarding the types of
5、 physical properties that should beconsidered when selecting substitute filling substances for thetesting, certification and manufacture of packagings under theUnited Nations packaging protocols (UN Recommendationson the Transport of Dangerous Goods-Model Regulations) asadopted by US DOT in 49 CFR H
6、MR.1.3 This guide provides the suggested minimum informa-tion concerning the physical characteristics of the fillingsubstances that should be documented in the certification testreport and notification to users to allow for test repeatabilityand analysis, and to provide guidance to the user of apack
7、aging of pertinent physical differences between potentialhazardous lading and the filling substance with which thepackaging was tested.1.4 This guide does not purport to address regulatoryrequirements regarding the compatibility of filling substanceswith transport packagings. Compatibility requireme
8、nts must beassessed separately, but it should be noted that under certainnational and international dangerous goods regulations, theselection of the filling substances for package performancetesting may be prescribed with respect to chemical compatibil-ity requirements.NOTE 1Under the US HMR determi
9、nation of packaging compatibilitywith a particular hazardous fill material is “the responsibility of the personoffering the hazardous material for transportation” as prescribed in 49CFR 173.24(e).1.5 The units of measurement are consistent with the HMR.1.6 When testing packaging designs intended for
10、 hazardousmaterials (dangerous goods), the user of this guide shall betrained in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 and otherapplicable hazardous materials regulations such as the ICAOTechnical Instructions, IMDG Code, other applicable nationalor international dangerous goods regulations that govern the
11、testing, manufacture and use of packagings authorized for thetransportation of Dangerous Goods, and carrier rules such asthe IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
12、of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D
13、891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity,Apparent, of LiquidIndustrial ChemicalsD1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity CupD4359 Test Method for Determining Whether a Material Isa Liquid or a Solid2.2 Federal Standard:U.S. Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regula-tions Title 49, Tr
14、ansportation (49 CFR) Parts 100-19931This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published Octob
15、er 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7887-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent
16、 of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402-9371 (website: phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat).Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 UN Standard:United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dan-gerous Goo
17、ds, Model Regulations (UN Orange Book)42.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA) Stan-dard:IATA International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dan-gerous Goods Regulations52.5 ICAO Standard:International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) TechnicalInstructions for the Safe Transport of Dang
18、erous Goods byAir62.6 IMDG Standard:International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDGCode)73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 kinematic viscosity, nthe ratio of absolute or dy-namic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force isinvolved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing theab
19、solute viscosity of a fluid with its mass density: 5 2! (1)where: = kinematic viscosity, = absolute or dynamic viscosity, and = density.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the SI-system, the theoretical unit ism2/s or commonly used Stoke (St) where: 1 St = 10-4m2/s.3.1.1.2 DiscussionSince the Stoke is an impractic
20、allylarge unit, it is usual divided by 100 to give the unit calledCentistokes (cSt) where: 1 St = 100 cSt; 1 cSt = 10-6m2/s.3.1.1.3 DiscussionSince the specific gravity of water at68.4F (20.2C) is almost one (1), the kinematic viscosity ofwater at 68.4F is for all practical purposes 1.0 cSt.3.1.2 li
21、quid, na material, other than an elevated tempera-ture material, with a melting point or initial melting point of20C (68F) or lower at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7psia). A viscous material for which a specific melting pointcannot be determined must be subjected to the proceduresspecified i
22、n ASTM D4359 “Standard Test Method for Deter-mining Whether a Material is Liquid or Solid” (IBR, see171.7).3.1.3 Newtonian liquid, na liquid that exhibits a constantcoefficient of viscosity as represented by a shear rate/shearstress plot that is both linear and passes through the origin ofthe shear
23、rate/shear stress plot within the ranges of shear ratesencountered in testing. A material not meeting this definitionwould be considered non-Newtonian.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNewtonian liquids: Water, ethanolsolutions, un-treated glycol solutions (glycol solutions treatedto coat surfaces as a de-icing age
24、nt, such as airplane de-icingproducts, are formulated to be non-Newtonian).3.1.3.2 DiscussionNon-Newtonian liquids: Many paints,toothpaste, peanut butter, ketchup, mayonnaise, blood, drillingmud, many fine particle slurries and pastes.3.1.4 shear rate, nthe relative velocities in the flow ofparallel
25、 adjacent layers (laminar flow) of a fluid from theapplication shear force. In aggregate, this is the rate of flow fora liquid in proportion to the amount of force causing the flow.3.1.5 shear stress, nthe resistance (both internal and at theboundary) of a fluid to flow in reaction to a force applie
26、dparallel to the direction of motion in the flow channel (shearforce).3.1.6 specification packaging, na packaging conformingto one of the specifications or standards for packagings in 49CFR part 178 or part 179 of this subchapter.3.1.6.1 DiscussionPackaging, as used in this guide, in-cludes packagin
27、g constructed and tested to UN performancestandards as adopted in the HMR (the focus of this guide) butdoes not exclude its use for other types of packagings.3.1.7 specific gravity, nratio of the testing substancedensity to a standard substance (i.e. water) density at a specifictemperature and press
28、ure.3.1.8 viscous liquid, na liquid material which has ameasured viscosity in excess of 2500 centistokes at 25C(77F) when determined in accordance with the proceduresspecified inASTM Test Method D445-72 “Kinematic Viscosityof Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation ofDynamic Viscosity)”
29、or ASTM Test Method D1200-70 “Vis-cosity of Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers by Ford ViscosityCup.”NOTE 2Additional terms and definitions are located in 49 CFR section171.8 and the UN Orange Book, section 1.2.1.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The manufacturer, test facility or user of a packagingwill apply th
30、e procedural considerations, based on the physicalcharacteristics of the liquid hazardous material to betransported, outlined in this guide to select an appropriate fillmaterial to use when testing a packaging. In addition, packag-ing manufacturers and test facilities will use this guide toprovide s
31、ufficient information concerning the relevant physicalcharacteristics (density, viscosity, net weight) of the test fillmaterial to the user of a packaging to allow for a properevaluation of suitability of a packaging for a particular liquidhazardous material.5. Significance and Use5.1 Regulations pr
32、escribing the test procedures for hazard-ous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests withcertain limitations prescribed and guidance offered See: 49CFR 178.602(c). This regulatory guidance has proven to be4Available from the UN E
33、conomic Commission for Europe, InformationService, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland (website: http:/www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm).5Available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 800 PlaceVictoria PO Box 113 Montreal - H4Z 1M1 Quebec - Canada (website: ht
34、tp:/www.iata.org).6Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization, (ICAO) 999University Street, Montral, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada (website: http:/www.icao.org/).7Available from the International Marine Organization (IMO, 4 AlbertEmbankment, London, SE1 7SR United Kingdom (website: http:/
35、www.imo.org/).D7887 132flexible enough, in common industry practice, to producevariations in the selection of fill materials for package perfor-mance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatabletest results. This variation creates significant problems inproduct liability, packaging sele
36、ction and regulatory enforce-ment in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide shouldenhance uniformity in test procedures.5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with cleartest fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safetyby simplifying packaging selection. This wi
37、ll also increase thegeneral level of confidence that package testing, manufactureand use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engi-neering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectationsbetween the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.5.3 The guide will be used by packaging
38、 manufacturers, andpackaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meetcustomer needs and conform to the HMR under the widestpossible situational circumstances. In addition, for the user ofa packaging, certain information about the type and physicalcharacteristics of the material used to tes
39、t the packaging mustbe available in the test report and/or notification instruction toallow them to evaluate whether a particular packaging wastested with a substitute material appropriate for the hazardousmaterial to be shipped.6. Procedure6.1 For packaging intended for shipping liquid hazardousmat
40、erials, water (or anti-freeze equivalents) is an acceptableand the preferred substitute material for package performancetests. Packagings tested and certified with water (or anti-freezeequivalents) as the fill material may be used to transport thewidest variety of liquid hazardous materials without
41、evaluationof viscosity or type of fluid (Newtonian or non-Newtonian).However, shippers must still evaluate fill materials with respectto packaging authorization, density, vapor pressure, compat-ibility etc., as prescribed in the relevant sections of the HMR.6.1.1 For drop testing, if water is used a
42、s the substitutefilling substance, drop heights must be determined using theprescribed methods in 49 CFR 178.603(e). For packagingsthat must be tested in conformance with 49 CFR 178.603(c),water/antifreeze solutions having a minimum specific gravityof .95 18C (0F) may be substituted as water equival
43、ents,provided they remain completely liquid at test temperatureswith viscosity approximating water. Examples of commonlyused (and recommended) water/anti-freeze solutions:6.1.1.1 Propylene glycol/water mixture: minimum 50% Pro-pylene Glycol/Water6.1.1.2 Methanol/water mixture:(1) By weight: 30%45% m
44、ethanol/water (produces freez-ing point of 25C; density 18C: 0.970.95)(2) By volume: 37%53%6.1.1.3 Ethylene glycol/water mixture: minimum 40% Eth-ylene Glycol/WaterNOTE 3Other anti-freeze mixtures may be used, but they must not besemi-solids (turned to slush) at the required temperature for testing.
45、 Saltwater solutions may not be used as a water equivalent.6.2 Packagings may be tested when filled with the actualproduct to be transported to the required minimum fill levels.This option is often completely impracticable. Personnel safetyand training, testing facility chemical handling capability,
46、possible site contamination, local regulations or zoning areamong the strongest reasons to use non-hazardous substitutefill materials for package testing.6.3 If the material to be transported has been determined tobe a liquid then a non-hazardous liquid other than water may besubstituted as a fill m
47、aterial for testing purposes as prescribedin 49 CFR 178.602(c).6.3.1 If the material to be transported is replaced for testpurposes by a non-hazardous material the material used mustbe of the same or higher specific gravity as the material to becarried, and its other physical properties ( viscosity)
48、 whichmight influence the results of the required tests must corre-spond as closely as possible to those of the hazardous materialto be transported.6.3.2 Substitute liquid test fill materials must have the sameor lower viscosity under test conditions and the same or higherdensity than the material t
49、o be transported.6.3.3 Characteristics that may influence test results if invariance with the material to be transported, and must beevaluated to ensure that a packaging that passes the requiredperformance tests would be capable of doing so when filledwith the actual hazardous product include:6.3.3.1 Viscosity of the test fill material may prevent thedetection of leakage (package failure) that would be apparentwith a less viscous substitute fill material.6.3.3.2 The viscosity of the fill material may affect theimpact
