1、Designation: D8000 15Standard Practice forFlow Conditioning of Natural Gas and Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers flow conditioners that produce afully developed flow profile for liquid and gas phase fluid flowfor circular duct sizes 1-
3、 to 60-in. (25.4- to 1525-mm) diameterand Reynolds Number (Re) ranges from transition (100) to100 000 000. These flow conditioners can be used for any typeof flow meter or development of a fully developed flow profilefor other uses.1.2 The central single-hole configuration that is derivedusing funda
4、mental screen theory is referenced as the flowconditioner described herein.1.3 Piping lengths upstream and downstream of a flowconditioner are considered a critical component of a flowconditioner and constitute the complete flow conditioner sys-tem.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
5、 regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
6、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4150 Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels2.2 AGA Standard:3AGA Report No. 8 Compressibility Factor of Natu
7、ral Gasand Related Hydrocarbon Gases3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D4150 for general definitionsrelated to gaseous fuels. Definitions specific to this standardfollow.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 annuli, nring-shaped object, structure, or region.3.2.2 axial symmetr
8、y, nsymmetry around an axis; anobject is axially symmetric if its appearance is unchanged ifrotated around an axis.3.2.3 Reynolds number, ndimensionless number used influid mechanics to indicate whether fluid flow past a body or ina duct is steady or turbulent.3.2.4 velocity profile, nvariation in v
9、elocity along a line atright angles to the general direction of flow.4. Significance and Use4.1 Flow conditioners are used for the conditioning of theturbulent flow profile of gases or liquids to reduce the ADD(velocity profile distortion) DEL (turbulence), swirl, or irregu-larities caused by the in
10、stallation effects of piping elbows,length of pipe, valves, tees, and other such equipment or pipingconfigurations that will affect the reading of flow measurementmeters thus inducing measurement errors as a result of the flowprofile of the gas or liquid not having a fully developed flowprofile at t
11、he measurement point.45. Flow Conditioner Design Methodology5.1 Pipe Flow ProfilesAlmost any description can beprescribed by using the perforated plate utilizing screen theory.That is, any upstream velocity profile, U1, can be changed to adownstream velocity profile, U2, with the use of a screen(her
12、ein referred to as a flow conditioner) (see Fig. 1).NOTE 1The upstream flow profile need not be mathematically definedor even known.5.1.1 The intent of the screen theory methodology is tosuppress or allow flow such that the axi-symmetric distributionof the fluid flow eventually manifests itself into
13、 a fullydeveloped stateg(r). Separating the pipe flow into annuli and1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D03 on GaseousFuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.12 on On-Line/At-LineAnalysis of Gaseous Fuels.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2015. Published
14、 October 2015. DOI:10.1520/D800015.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Americ
15、an Gas Association, 400 N. Capital St., NW,Washington, DC 20001, various Coriolis Flow Meter manufacturer statements: A Coriolis FlowMeter reportedly does not require flow conditioning, therefore this ASTM standarddoes not apply.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1correlating the openness of each annulus in terms of aneffective beta ratio of that annulus with respect to a discretizedreference fully developed velocity flow profile is then done tohave the resultant velocity flow profile fully developed orsome chosen f
17、unction, g(r) . The annuli and accompanyingnomenclature are defined in Fig. 2.5.1.2 For a screen, the relationship between the downstreamU2and upstream U1velocities can be shown to follow therelationship between sudden enlargements and contractions(the flow conditioner holes) as a fully developed st
18、ate by usingEquation X (Karnik and Erdal). This equation relates thepressure drop of the holes considered as sudden enlargementsand the designer can use as many annuli (n) as they wish. Theuser of this practice is cautioned that manufacturing difficultyincreases with the number of annuli chosen. It
19、is also recom-mended that the downstream velocity relationship (function,equation) be that which is of a fully developed state.5.1.3 Step 1Choose a downstream velocity function. Forpipeline flow measurement, all flow meters are on a baselineagainst a fully developed flow profile. It is recommended t
20、hata function replicating the fully developed state be used at thechosen Reynolds number.5.1.3.1 In this case, a power law flow profile is chosen suchas Eq 1:UrUmax5S1 2rRD1norUyUmax5SyRD1n(1)where:Ur= velocity at location, r;Umax= maximum velocity at pipe center line;r = r location;R = r at pipe wa
21、ll; andn = 1/friction factor.5.1.3.2 In terms of Uaveand Umax(at pipe center line), weobtain:Uave5 UmaxF2n2n 1 1!2 n 1 1!G(2)where:values for Uaveand Umaxare in Table 1.5.1.4 Step 2Choose an overall flow conditioner pressureloss coefficient that is suitable for the intended flow require-ments. Note
22、that the overall effectiveness or isolating capabil-ity of the flow is a very strong function of the pressure loss. Therelationship between effectiveness and pressure drop is indi-cated in Fig. 2. Eq 4 can be used to accomplish this.K05P012Uave2(3)5.1.5 Step 3Pressure drop of each ring (i).UiUave5Um
23、axUaveSYiRD1n(4)5.1.6 Step 4Plug all terms into flow conditioner pressuredrop coefficient Eq 5.K050.71 2 i!i21F1 2 iiG2FUiUaveG2(5)5.1.7 Step 5Equate Eq 6 for each hole size and number ofholes for each ring.i5nS4Da2Ri1122 Ri2!(6)where:i= porosity of ring, i;n = number of holes in ring, i;a = area of
24、 each hole; andRx= r at x.5.2 Flow Conditioner Qualification Pipe Flow ProfilesTocomply with the requirements of this practice, the flowconditioner shall be shown to provide a state of flow within thepipe that resembles the fluid flow characteristics of a straightpiece of pipe not shorter than 200 i
25、nside pipe diameters. ThisFIG. 1 Pipe Flow ProfileFIG. 2 Annuli and NomenclatureTABLE 1 Uaveand Umaxn Uave/UmaxUmax/Uave1 0.333 32 0.533 1.8753 0.643 1.564 0.711 1.415 0.758 1.326 0.791 1.267 0.816 1.228 0.836 1.199 0.851 1.17310 0.865 1.155D8000 152shall be shown when installed downstream of any pi
26、pinginstallation effect in any pipe length chosen.5.2.1 This requirement ensures that specific flow meter typeand flow conditioner peculiarities are avoided.5.2.2 The mean normalized velocity profile shall resemblethat of the “SE” flow profile to within 62 % at any locationwithin the pipe. The “SE”
27、profile is as shown in Fig. 4.5.3 Configuration InformationOrders for material underthis practice should include the following, as required, todescribe the material adequately:5.3.1 The nomenclature used to specify a flow-conditioningdevice is the following (9 in. (23 cm) not included in thedescript
28、ion):NPS AA BB CC ANSI Rating Material Type5.3.2 The terms for a complete description are:5.3.2.1 AA = Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)(1) NPS does not refer to the pipe outside diameter up toNPS 12-in. (30.5-cm) pipe. For NPS 14-in. (35.5-cm) andlarger pipe sizes, NPS corresponds to pipe outside diameter.(2
29、) In 90 % of applications, NPS will correspond with apublished pipe schedule. In applications that exceed NPS 30 in.(76 cm), actual pipe inside diameters are used more thanschedules. This may be due to difficulty meeting pressurecontainment requirements with published pipe schedules inlarger pipe si
30、zes. In some instances even if smaller pipe sizes;NPS 16-in. (40.6 cm) and smaller, the pipe inside diametermay not correspond with a published pipe schedule. Flowconditioners can be manufactured to any pipe inside diameter.(3) Standard weight pipe and Schedule 40 are equivalent inall sizes to NPS 1
31、0-in. (25.4-cm) pipe from NPS 12- to 24-in.(25.4- to 61-cm) standard weight pipe having a wall thicknessof 0.375 in. (1 cm). Extra strong weight pipe and Schedule 80are equivalent to NPS 8-in. (20-cm) pipe from NPS 8- to 24-in.(20- to 61-cm) extra strong pipe having a wall thickness of0.500 in. (1.3
32、 cm). Extra, extra strong pipe has no correspond-ing schedule number.5.3.2.2 BB = Flange Type(1) Flange application and flow conditioner typeThereare many different flange types used in the measurementindustry. Flange type specification is required (see Table 2).5.3.2.3 CC = Schedule or Actual Pipe
33、Inside DiameterSee Table 3.5.3.2.4 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Rat-ing = Pressure Class(1) ANSI ratingPressure class rating or PN (pressurenominal). This information is required to size the flow condi-tioner to the pressure rated flange properly (see Table 4).5.3.2.5 Material Type =
34、 Steel TypeThe flow conditionercan be made of any type of material. The material of manu-facture shall be stated on the purchase order. The most commonflow conditioners are of stainless steel construction and thesematerials can be seen in Table 5.5.3.2.6 Ring No. = only applies to ring-type joint (R
35、TJ)applications (see Table 6).6. Flow Conditioner Markings6.1 MarkingsAll plates will have the following markingsetched or mechanically placed upon the outer flange edge:6.1.1 ANSI rating;6.1.2 Temperature range;6.1.3 Manufacturer model identification;6.1.4 Size, that is, NPS XX Sch. XX;6.1.5 Materi
36、al, that is, 304ss;6.1.6 Country of manufacture;FIG. 3 Flow Conditioner Effectiveness as a Function of PressureLossFIG. 4 Power Law Velocity ProfilesTABLE 4 ANSI RatingANSI Class Designation Nominal Pressure Class Approximate ColdWorking PressureRatingA150 PN 20 290 psi (2000 kPa)300 PN 50 725 psi (
37、5000 kPa)400 PN 68 986 psi (6800 kPa)600 PN 100 1450 psi (10 000 kPa)900 PN 150 2175 psi (15 000 kPa)1500 PN 250 3625 psi (25 000 kPa)2500 PN 420 6091 psi (42 000 kPa)ANot to be used in lieu of standards compliant pressure calculations for wallthicknesses and strength requirements. For temperature r
38、anges from -20 to 100F(-28.8 to 37.7C).D8000 1536.1.7 Serial number and identification of plate by use of acombination of the purchase order number and number of theplate in the specific purchased lot in the following order;purchase order number XXXX, followed by plate number XX,out of total number
39、of the lot XX as shown in Example 1.6.1.7.1 Example 1Purchase order 1234 that has orderedthree plates on this order will have the following number forthe first plate in the lot: 123431; but, if there is only one platein this example order, then the number would be 123411, thus,the format: order numb
40、er + plate number out of the lot +total number of plates in the lot;6.1.8 Flow (see Fig. 5);6.1.8.1 Top indication (see Fig. 6); and6.1.9 Heat number using Material Test Report (MTR).6.1.10 The customers paint over the flow conditioners andcannot see the labeling on the flow conditionertop indicatio
41、nrecovery is paramount.6.1.11 While the holes are being machined, a top indicationwill be machined as follows:6.1.11.1 A18-in. (3.155-mm) diameter cutting tool will sidecut into the flange of the flow conditioner to a depth of18-in.(3.155-mm) as shown in Fig. 6. To avoid orientation confusion,there
42、shall be a18-in. (3.155-mm) notch that will be top deadcenter (tdc). Place new top indication as such “Top notch”asshown in Fig. 6.6.2 Bore Scope Marking6.2.1 To provide a second level of identification, the flowconditioner type can be machined into the downstream face ofthe flow conditioner as indi
43、cated in Fig. 7.6.2.2 The order of indication shall be: NPSXX_Sch XX.7. Installation Distances7.1 MarkingsTo provide the best flow conditions possible,the flow conditioner shall be installed carefully. The flowconditioner shall not be installed in distances less than shownin Fig. 8.TABLE 2 Flange Ty
44、peFlange Type Flow Conditioner Description NomenclatureRaised Face Type A Raised Face (RF) Compressed between two raised faceflanges in meter tube with thinflangemost popularrequires metertube to be rolled to remove flowconditioner.FOE (flange on end)Raised Face Wafer Compressed between two raised f
45、aceflanges in meter tube with full widthflangeleast populardoes notrequire meter tube to be rolled toremove flow conditioner.FWO (full width option)Pinned in Pipe Pinned Flanges are replaced by athreadolette and set screw. Usedwhere conventional tube bundles areto be retrofitted.TBR (tube bundle rep
46、lacement)Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) RTJ Compressed between two RTJflanges in meter tube.RTJ (ring-type joint)Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) RTJ Insert The flow conditioner is inserted into acounter bore machined into the metertube RTJ flange.RIS (ring-type joint insert style)D8000 154TABLE 3 Schedule or Actual Pi
47、pe Inside DiameterNominal Pipe Size Schedule InsideDiameterFlangeThicknessOutsideDiameter (in.)Number Wall Thickness Designation1 1.185 0.1251.315 1.097 0.12540 Std 1.049 0.12580 XS 0.957 0.125160 0.815 0.125XXS 0.599 0.1251 1/4 1.530 0.1251.660 1.442 0.12540 Std 1.380 0.12580 XS 1.278 0.125160 1.16
48、0 0.125XXS 0.896 0.1251 1/2 1.770 0.1251.900 1.682 0.12540 Std 1.610 0.12580 XS 1.500 0.125160 1.338 0.125XXS 1.100 0.1250.850 0.1250.600 0.1252 2.245 0.1252.375 2.157 0.12540 Std 2.067 0.12580 XS 1.939 0.125160 1.689 0.125XXS 1.503 0.1251.251 0.1251.001 0.1252 1/2 2.709 0.1252.875 2.635 0.12540 Std
49、 2.469 0.12580 XS 2.323 0.125160 2.125 0.125XXS 1.771 0.1251.525 0.1251.275 0.1253 3.334 0.2503.500 3.260 0.25040 Std 3.068 0.25080 XS 2.900 0.250160 2.626 0.250XXS 2.300 0.2502.050 0.2501.800 0.2504 4.334 0.2504.500 4.260 0.2504.124 0.25040 Std 4.026 0.25080 XS 3.826 0.250120 3.626 0.2503.500 0.250160 3.438 0.250XXS 3.152 0.2502.900 0.2502.650 0.2506 6.407 0.2506.625 6.357 0.2506.187 0.25040 Std 6.065 0.25080 XS 5.761 0.250120 5.501 0.250160 5.189 0.250XXS 4.897 0.2504.625 0.2504.375
