1、Designation: D8037/D8037M 16Standard Practice forDirect Push Hydraulic Logging for Profiling Variations ofPermeability in Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8037/D8037M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a method for rapid delineation ofvariations in formation permeability i
3、n the subsurface using aninjection logging tool. Clean water is injected from a port onthe side of the probe as it is advanced at approximately 2cm/sinto virgin soils. Logging with the injection tool is typicallyperformed with direct push equipment, however other drillingmachines may be modified to
4、run the logs by direct pushmethods (for example, addition of a suitable hammer and/orhydraulic ram systems). Injection logs exceeding 100 ft 30mdepth have been obtained. Direct push methods are notintended to penetrate consolidated rock and may encounterrefusal in very dense formations or when cobbl
5、es or bouldersare encountered in the subsurface. However, injection logginghas been performed in some semi-consolidated or soft forma-tions.1.2 This standard practice describes how to obtain a realtime vertical log of injection pressure and flow rate with depth.The data obtained is indicative of the
6、 variations of permeabilityin the subsurface and is typically used to infer formationlithology. The person(s) responsible for review, interpretationand application of the injection logging data should be familiarwith the logging technique as well as the soils, geology andhydrogeology of the area und
7、er investigation.1.3 The injection logging system may be operated with abuilt in electrical conductivity sensor to provide additional realtime information on stratigraphy and is essential for targetingtest zones. Other sensors, such as fluorescence detectors(Practice D6187), a membrane interface pro
8、be (PracticeD7352) or a cone penetration tool (Test Method D5778) maybe used in conjunction with injection logging to provideadditional information. The use of the injection logging tool inconcert with an electrical conductivity array or cone penetra-tion tool is highly recommended (although not man
9、datory) tofurther define hydrostratigraphic conditions, such as migrationpathways, low permeability zones (for example, aquitards) andto guide confirmation sampling. The EC log and injectionpressure log may be compared in some settings to identify thepresence of ionic contaminants or ionic injectate
10、s used forremediation.1.4 The injection logging system does not provide quanti-tative permeability or hydraulic conductivity information.However, injection pressure and flow data may be used toprovide a qualitative indication of formation permeability.Semi-quantitative values of permeability may be
11、obtained bycorrelation of injection logging data with other methods (1-4).2Also, a log of estimated hydraulic conductivity (5) may becalculated for the saturated zone using an empirical modelincluded in some versions of the log viewing software. Thedata allows for estimates of hydraulic conductivity
12、 (K) at theinch-scale using the corrected injection pressure and flow rate.1.5 This tool is to be used as a logging tool for the rapiddelineation of variations in permeability, lithology and hy-drostratigraphy in unconsolidated formations. Direct push soilsampling (Guide D6282) and slug testing (Pra
13、ctice D7242)bymeans of groundwater sampling devices (Guide D6001)ordirect push monitoring wells (Guide D6724 and PracticeD6725) may be used to validate injection log interpretation,permeability and hydraulic conductivity estimates. Other aqui-fer tests (Guide D4043) in larger wells can also be used
14、toobtain additional information about permeability and hydraulicconductivity. However, correlation of results from longscreened wells with the fine detail of the hydraulic injection logdata may be difficult at best due to the effect of scale inmeasurements of transmissivity (6).1.6 All observed and
15、calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitspresented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each
16、system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility o
17、f Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published December 2016. DOI:10.1520/D8037_D8037M-162The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
18、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations
19、issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.11.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all a
20、spects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without the considerationof a projects many unique asp
21、ects. The word “standard” in thetitle means that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate s
22、afety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2434
23、Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head) (Withdrawn 2015)4D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraul
24、ic Properties by Well TechniquesD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring Well
25、sD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells,Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and OtherDevices for Environmental ActivitiesD5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezo-cone Penetration Testing of SoilsD5856 Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conduc-tivity of Poro
26、us Material Using a Rigid-Wall,Compaction-Mold PermeameterD6001 Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6067 Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Pen-etrometer Tests for Environmental Site
27、 CharacterizationD6187 Practice for Cone Penetrometer Technology Charac-terization of Petroleum Contaminated Sites with NitrogenLaser-Induced FluorescenceD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD6724 Guide for Installation of Direct Push GroundwaterMonitori
28、ng WellsD6725 Practice for Direct Push Installation of PrepackedScreen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated AquifersD7242 Practice for Field Pneumatic Slug (InstantaneousChange in Head) Tests to Determine Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifers with Direct Push Groundwater SamplersD7352 Practice for Direct Pu
29、sh Technology for VolatileContaminant Logging with the Membrane Interface Probe(MIP)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 atmospheric pressure (Patm), nrelative to injectionlogging, the atmosph
30、eric pressure is measured with the down-hole pressure sensor during the reference test when no water isbeing pumped through the probe, the bottom valve is open onthe reference tube, and the water level in the reference tube isstable.3.2.2 corrected injection pressure (Pc), nrelative to injec-tion lo
31、gging, the corrected injection pressure is calculated bysubtracting the measured atmospheric pressure (Patm) and thepiezometric pressure (Ppiezo) from the total injection pressure(Ptot) at a specified depth increment (i). That is:Pci!5 Ptoti!2Patmi!1 Ppiezoi!3.2.3 dissipation test, vrelative to inje
32、ction logging, a testmade by halting the advancement of the probe, shutting offinjection flow, and recording the change (decay) in ambientformation pressure with time, also called a pressure dissipationtest.3.2.3.1 DiscussionWhen the excess pressure in the forma-tion caused by water injection and pr
33、obe advancement has fullydissipated then the observed pressure provides a measurementof the formation piezometric pressure (Ppiezo) when the probeis below the water level. It is recommended to performdissipation tests in higher permeability materials (sandy) sothat dissipation occurs quickly to stab
34、ility. Changing pressurein the formation (such as caused by a nearby extraction orinjection well) will result in changing piezometric pressureover time. These conditions will influence the piezometricprofile determined from dissipation tests.3.2.4 injection port, nrelative to injection logging, arep
35、laceable screened orifice approximately 0.4-in. 10mm indiameter on the side of the HPT probe where water is injectedinto the formation as the probe is advanced into the subsurface.3.2.5 piezometric pressure (Ppiezo), nrelative to injectionlogging, the piezometric pressure is the stabilized pressurem
36、easured during a dissipation test when the probe is below thepiezometric surface, the probe is not moving and no water isbeing pumped through the probe.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
37、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D8037/D8037M 1623.2.6 total injection pressure (Ptot), nrelative to injectionlogging, the total injection pressure is the pre
38、ssure observed bythe down-hole sensor as the probe is being advanced whilewater is injected into the formation through the injection port.3.2.7 trigger, nrelative to injection logging, mechanicalinterface between the operator and instrumentation to initiateor terminate data collection.3.3 Symbols:3.
39、3.1 Pccorrected injection pressure.3.3.2 Ptottotal injection pressure.3.3.3 Patmatmospheric pressure, as measured with thedown-hole pressure sensor during a reference test.3.3.4 Ppiezopiezometric pressure (same as HydrostaticPressure, o, D653)3.4 Acronyms:3.4.1 HPT, nHydraulic Profiling Tool (see 6.
40、1)3.4.2 MIP, nMembrane Interface Probe3.4.3 CPT, vCone Penetration Test3.4.4 EC, adjElectrical Conductivity3.4.5 LIF, nlaser induced fluorescence3.4.6 OIP, nOptical Image Profiler4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the field method for performingan injection log. A steel probe is advan
41、ced through unconsoli-dated soils and sediments at approximately 2cm/s while cleanwater is injected into the formation through a screened port onthe side of the probe. An in-line pressure transducer just abovethe port (or at the surface) measures the pressure required toinject water into the formati
42、on while a flow meter at the surfacemeasures the rate of water injection. Drive rods are incremen-tally added to the tool string as the probe is advanced to depthusing direct push methods. Injection logs exceeding 100 ft30m depth have been obtained. Total log depth is controlledby soil and formation
43、 conditions and equipment push capacity.4.2 The injection probe may include an electrical conduc-tivity (EC) array. This array is used to measure the bulkformation electrical conductivity as the probe is advanced todepth and provides independent, real time stratigraphy dataduring the testing. Someti
44、mes injection probes are run with acompanion cone penetration test (CPT) which provides tipresistance and sleeve friction data as the probe is advanced todepth (D6067). While neither an EC array nor a CPT moduleis required to run the injection log the additional independentdata can be very useful to
45、 confirm the HPT log result and toprovide additional valuable information about the subsurface.4.3 An electronics system with portable computer andsoftware acquires the injection pressure, water flow rate andbulk formation EC or CPT data as the probe is advanced. Thepressure, flow and EC or CPT data
46、 are plotted on screen versusdepth as the log is obtained for live time viewing andinterpretation. The measured injection pressure and flow ratealong with the EC or CPT data provides information aboutformation permeability, lithology and hydrostratigraphy.4.4 At selected depths below the water table
47、 a pressuredissipation test may be conducted. Insertion of the probe intothe formation and injection of water induces excess porepressure as the probe is advanced. To conduct a pressuredissipation test probe advancement is halted and water flow isstopped. The down-hole pressure transducer is used to
48、 monitordecay of the excess pore pressure versus time. When the porepressure stabilizes the pressure transducer is measuring thepotentiometric pressure at that depth in the formation. Thisdata may be used to calculate the local water level andpiezometric profile. Often it is useful to conduct dissip
49、ationtests at several depths during a log, especially between possibleconfining layers. This may help to identify confined layers withdifferent hydraulic head or vertical hydraulic gradients across aformation.4.5 Logging is continued to the desired depth or until refusalis encountered.At that point data acquisition is stopped and theinjection probe is retracted using the hydraulic system of thedirect push machine.5. Significance and Use5.1 The injection logging system provides a rapid andefficient way to ascertain the pressure required to inject water
