1、Designation: D8049 16aD8049 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Concentration, Count, and Size Distribution ofSolid Particles and Water in Light and Middle DistillateFuels by Direct Imaging Particle Analyzer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8049; the number immediately followin
2、g the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method us
3、es a direct imaging particle analyzer (DIPA) to count and measure the size and shape of dispersed solidparticles and water droplets in light and middle distillate fuels in the overall range from 4 m to 100 m and in size bands of 4 m,6 m, and 14 m.NOTE 1Particle size data from 0.7 m through 300 m is
4、available for use or reporting if deemed helpful.NOTE 2Shape is used to classify particles, droplets, and bubbles and is not a reporting requirement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does no
5、t purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was develo
6、ped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Document
7、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tes
8、ts Affected by Trace Contamination2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 12103-1 Road VehiclesTest Contaminants for Filter EvaluationPart 1: Arizona Test DustISO 11171 Hydraulic Fluid PowerCalibration of Automatic Particle Counters for Liquids2.3 MIL Standard:4MIL-PRF-5606 Hydraulic Fluid, Petroleum Base; Aircraft,
9、Missile and Ordinance3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air bubble, nnon-fuel, gaseous formations within the fuel, generally spherical in shape and visible as a heavy wall ringdue to th
10、e diffraction of light around and through them.3.2.2 droplet, nnon-fuel liquid formations within the fuel, generally spherical in shape and visible as a thin wall ring due tothe diffraction of light around and through them.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleu
11、m Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanlinesson Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016May 1, 2017. Published February 2017July 2017. Originally approved in 2016. La
12、st previous edition approved in 2016 asD8049 16.D8049 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D8049-16A.10.1520/D8049-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Docu
13、ment Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 For referenced MIL standards, visit the Defense Logistics Agency, Document Services website at http:/quicksearch.dla.milThis docume
14、nt is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as ap
15、propriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
16、tates13.2.3 major particle diameter m, nthe maximum two-dimensional length of the particle measuredmeasured.3.2.4 minor particle diameter m, nthe maximum two-dimensional length of the particle measured perpendicular to the majorparticle diameter.3.2.5 particle, nnon-liquid, non gaseous, non-gaseous,
17、 solid objects in the fuel.3.2.6 projected equivalent particle diameter m, nthe diameter calculated from the projected area of a particle if that areaformed a circle, and in equation form is:Projected Equivalent Particle Diameter =area/0.785!3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 DIPADirect Imaging Particle Analyz
18、er4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The optical measurement cell comprises a light source and an optical sensor. The principle of operation is the illuminationand digital capture of actual particle images which are then analyzed for size and shape by the system software. The visualcapability of the instr
19、ument allows for the differentiation between solid, water, and air particles and thus the detection of water andelimination of air bubbles from the analysis.4.2 The test specimen, approximately 4 L, is agitated in its container. The container is then fitted with a spigot to allow deliveryto the dire
20、ct imaging particle analyzer (DIPA). Fluid flows through the DIPA and is analyzed for solids and water content. Largeror smaller volume test specimen may be used as appropriate for the instrument.4.3 The method requires reporting of particle and droplet counts in the 4 m , 6 m, 4 m, 6 m, and 14 m ca
21、tegories,however particle counts in the 0.7 m to 4 m size range may also be reported as well as additional ranges the user deemsimportant. Particle size for this test method shall be determined using the definition per 3.2.6.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use in the labo
22、ratory or in the field for evaluating the cleanliness of fuels identified in thescope.5.2 Detection of particles and water can indicate degradation of the fuel condition. Particles, whether inorganic or organic, cancause fouling of fuel filters and damage pumps, injectors, and pistons. Knowledge of
23、particle size in relation to metallurgy canprovide vital information, especially if the hardness of the solid particles are known from other sources.NOTE 3The method includes the detection of water, solids, and air bubbles. The air bubbles are screened out of the data prior to analysis of results,ba
24、sed on shape and transparency, and are not reported in the results.6. Apparatus56.1 Laboratory or Field UsageLaboratory or Field Usage:6.1.1 Direct Imaging Particle Analyzer (DIPA)Operating on visual imaging principles, comprising a flow cell withcamera/optics, light, test specimen container, and st
25、and and software to analyze the test specimen and display the particlemeasurement data.6.1.2 Test Specimen ContainerAclean fuel container for sample storage, transport, and transfer into the DIPA.An epoxy-linedcontainer of approximately 5 L in volume has been found to be suitable, along with a nomin
26、al 19 mm or larger opening in the toplid for installation of a tube manifold assembly to allow fuel transfer to the DIPAand air into the epoxy-lined container for venting.6.1.3 Tube Manifold AssemblyConsists of a stopper or threaded cap, which inserts into the top opening in the test specimencontain
27、er to seal it, and has through-holes which accept tubing for venting and tubing for flow of fuel to the DIPA.6.1.4 Flow ControllerRestrictorThe flow of fuel through the DIPAis controlledrestricted by an orifice located in the outflowline to the collection container.6.1.5 Collection ContainerFor coll
28、ecting analyzed fuel specimen for possible retesting. Equivalent to the test specimencontainer.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 HeptaneReagent grade Reagent-grade, filtered through 0.45 m filter.7.2 ReticleReticle, NIST, or other widely recognized standards body, traceable, for calibration of system. A
29、19 mm diameterreticle with 100 m grids and 10 m subdivisions has been found to work well for use in calibrating the instrument.7.3 Partistan Resolution Standard, mono disperse polymer beads, coefficient of variation 10 %.5 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this tim
30、e is Jet Fuel InFlow available from J.M. Canty Inc, 6100 Donner Rd., Lockport, New YorkUSA14094. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerationat a meeting of the responsible technical com
31、mittee,1 which you may attend.D8049 1727.4 Verification Standard Partistan 2806, containing ISO Medium Test Dust, ISO 12103-A3 traceable to NIST.7.5 Partistan Super Clean Fluid.8. Sampling8.1 Sample into the test specimen container. Ensure it is new and unused, or in clean, new condition (see Practi
32、ce D4306). Takeprecautions not to introduce contamination during the sampling process.8.2 Take a representative sample. Refer to Practice D4057, Practice D4177, or other similar sampling practices.8.3 Confirm that the container is approximately 80 % filled (4 L).9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Ensure
33、 the DIPA is set up according to manufacturers instructions.9.2 Ensure instrument is clean and ready for use by flushing with a filtered, fast drying fast-drying solvent such as heptane.Clean sampling valve and tubing in the same manner. System cleanliness may be checked by running a sample of filte
34、red heptanethrough it. If the test specimen has a 4 m count in excess of 200 mmLmL, the system requires cleaning by continued flushingwith filtered heptane until the count falls below 200.10. Test Specimen Preparation10.1 Gently shake the test specimen in its container for at least 1 min to ensure t
35、hat it is well mixed.10.1.1 To achieve a consistent agitation it is recommended to either: (a) tumble the test specimen container by hand orappropriate mechanical shaking device, (b) invert the container back and forth for a minimum of 60 times at approximately 1 Hz(cycle/second), or (c) use a rolle
36、r device and roll for a minimum of 60 rotations. Other ways of gently shaking the container maybe used provided a well mixed well-mixed test specimen is achieved.NOTE 4Over-shaken or mechanically stirred samples can result in finely dispersed micro bubbles that may be counted as solid particles.Addi
37、tionally,test specimens given ultrasonic treatment can result in the break up break-up of agglomerated particles into smaller ones that can affect the count.11. Apparatus Verification and Calibration11.1 Illumination level should be checked daily prior to use per manufacturers operating manual.11.2
38、Calibration:11.2.1 The DIPAshall be calibrated per the manufacturers operating manual. Calibration shall be done by referencing a reticle(see 7.2). Once calibrated, a direct imaging type imaging-type instrument remains in calibration as long as the camera and lenscomponents remain unchanged and unmo
39、ved.11.2.2 The test specimen flow rate should be similar for calibration, verification, and operation. An orifice is provided on theoutflow of the DIPA to ensure this.11.3 VerificationIt is recommended that verification Verification shall be performed at six month intervals.least every sixmonths.11.
40、3.1 Particle CountUse the verification fluid referenced in 7.5 to verify particle count. Test in accordance with Section 12.The per millilitre result obtained shall be equal to or less than r/1.414 of the measurement plus the uncertainty of the verificationfluid from the certified 4 m(c) value of th
41、e standard where r is the repeatability of the test (see Section 14 and Appendix X1).If the result obtained is not within this figure, ensure the sample preparation is in accordance with the manufacturers instructions,check the verification fluids validity date, and run a further test using the filt
42、ered heptane to confirm the inlet tube and cell assemblyare free from contaminants. Repeat the verification. If the result is still not within the allowed tolerance, consult the operatingmanual or contact the manufacturer.NOTE 5Failure to correctly precondition the verification fluid can result in p
43、article counts not meeting the verification criteria specified by the fluidmanufacturer.11.3.2 Particle SizeMono-disperse beads per 7.3, or similar, shall be used to verify the operation of the DIPA. Dilute thebeads, if required, to an appropriate volume using the super clean fluid. The result of th
44、e analysis shall be within 3 % of the averagemanufacturer certified particle size plus the specified standard deviation for the beads.12. Procedure12.1 Ensure the instrument is set up as indicated in the manufacturers instructions.12.2 Prepare the sample in the test specimen container per Section 10
45、, except when preparing the verification fluid for 11.3.1,follow the preparation instruction of the verification fluid manufacturer.12.3 Insert the stopper into the opening of the sample container and attach tubing.12.4 Ensure vent tube is within approximately 25 mm of the container bottom and tubin
46、g for inflow is approximately 25 mminside the container.D8049 17312.5 Invert the container and position approximately 150 mm above the instrument, ensuring tubing is straight and not strained.12.6 The DIPA will fill and flow will start. Allow the first 500 mL to flow through to clean the DIPA. Start
47、 software analysisat this point.12.7 The test specimen is run from the container through the DIPA and the resultant solid particle counts for the first 1000frames is compared to the results for a second 1000 frames in the 1 m category. If the count values recorded in the 1 mcategory are within eithe
48、r 10 % or 200 particles, then an average of the complete results of the first 1000 frames and the second1000 frames is calculated and reported as the result. The solid particle count and water droplet count results will be calculatedbased on the projected equivalent particle diameter.12.8 If solid p
49、article count values recorded at 1 m are not within the specified error margin of 12.7, repeat the test.NOTE 6Volumes used in Section 12 may change according to the required total volume the particular instrument requires for the analysis.13. Report13.1 Report the following:13.1.1 Reference this standard,13.1.2 Sample identification,13.1.3 Date of testing,13.1.4 Instrument model and software version,13.1.5 Solid particle cumulative counts per millilitre in the 4 m, 6 m, and 14 m ranges. Addit
