1、Designation: D8073 16Standard Test Method forDetermination of Water Separation Characteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale Water SeparationInstrument1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to rate the ability ofaviation tu
3、rbine fuels to release entrained and emulsified waterwhen passed through a water-coalescing filter.1.2 Results are expressed as a Water Separation Index(WSI).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionUnits in WSI are included.1.4 This standard does not purport to
4、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1655 Spe
5、cification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD2550 Method of Test for Water Separation Characteristicsof Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1989)3D3602 Test Method for Water Separation Characteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1994)3D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristic
6、s ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD7224 Test Method
7、 for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics of Kerosine-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Con-taining Additives by Portable Separometer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 surfactant, nin petroleum fuels, surface active ma-terial (or surface active agent) that could disarm (deactivate)filter separat
8、or (coalescing) elements so that free water is notremoved from the fuel in actual service.3.1.1.1 DiscussionTechnically, surfactants affect the inter-facial tension between water and fuel, which affects thetendency of water to coalesce into droplets.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
9、:3.2.1 sonicator, na device that applies ultrasonic soundenergy to the test specimen.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe sonicator is used to emulsify thewater and aviation fuel.3.2.2 water separation index (WSI), na numerical ratingindicating the ease of separating water from fuel by coales-cence.3.2.2.1 Discuss
10、ionA high WSI indicates a fuel that sepa-rates water easily and is relatively free from surfactants.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A fixed volume of test specimen is poured into the testbeaker. The apparatus is purged with the test specimen. Aprecise amount of water containing a specific dye is added
11、tothe test beaker. The test specimen and dyed water are emulsi-fied using a sonicator. The resulting emulsion is passed at aconstant rate directly to the detector, which is sensitive to thedye, to measure a reference value. The emulsion is then passedat the same constant rate to the detector by mean
12、s of a filtercartridge that is designed to remove entrained water. Readingsfrom the detector are taken. The water separationcharacteristic, the Water Separation Index (WSI), is calculatedfrom the reference value and the detector readings. Resultsrange from 0.0 WSI to 100.0 WSI. A high value such as1
13、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. DOI: 10.1520/D8073-16.2For referenced ASTM
14、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.or
15、g.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1100.0 WSI indicates a test specimen that coalesces water easilyand that the test specimen is relatively free of surfactants.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indi
16、cation of the presenceof surfactants in aviation fuel. Like Test Methods D2550,D3602, D3948, and D7224, this test method can detectcarryover traces of refinery treating residues in fuel as pro-duced. In addition, these test methods can detect surface activesubstances added to or picked up by the fue
17、l during handlingfrom point of production to point of use. Certain additives canaffect the WSI. Some of these substances affect the ability offilter separators to separate free water from the fuel.5.2 The small scale water separation tester has a measure-ment range from 0.0 WSI to 100.0 WSI.NOTE 1WS
18、I values greater than 100.0 WSI can be caused by areduction in the light transmittance (see A1.1.5) of the test specimen dueto material that was removed during the testing process.5.3 This test method was developed so refiners, fuel termi-nal operators, pipelines, and independent testing laboratoryp
19、ersonnel can rapidly and precisely measure for the presence ofsurfactants, with a minimum of training, in a wide range oflocations.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralThe apparatus, as detailed in Annex A1,comprises a test beaker, test beaker holder, sonicator, filtercartridge, specific dye detector, integral co
20、mputer, automaticsolenoid valves, pumps, solvent container, waste container,particulate sieve, and temperature probe.6.2 Pipet, single use, disposable, of suitable size.6.2.1 The single use disposable pipet is used to adjust thevolume of test specimen in the test beaker to 220 mL 6 10 mL.7. Reagents
21、 and Materials7.1 Dyed Water4Proprietary liquid containing water and acontrolled amount of specific marker dye.7.2 Reference Materials:7.2.1 Dispersing AgentToluene solution containing1 mg mL of solid (100 % dry) bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfo-succinate.7.2.2 Reference Fluid BaseA surfactant-free avi
22、ation tur-bine fuel that is used to verify proper operation and is preparedin the manner detailed in Appendix X1 and with a WSI by thistest method of 97.5 WSI to 100.0 WSI.7.2.3 Reference FluidsFor checking operational perfor-mance consisting of dispersing agent (7.2.1) added to referencefluid base
23、(7.2.2) in concentrations, on a volume basis, rangingfrom 0 mL L to 0.8 mL L, in 0.1 mL L increments. Referencefluids may be made up in situ in the graduated beaker on anad-hoc basis, or supplied pre-made up in a suitable container.Typical values are shown in Table 1.7.3 Cleaning Materials, technica
24、l grade.7.3.1 Isopropyl Alcohol.7.4 Filter Cartridge, see A1.1.11, individually packed.8. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation8.1 Unless otherwise agreed, samples shall be taken inaccordance with Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.2 Collect the sample directly in a suitable container of aminimum v
25、olume of 1000 mL.NOTE 2The test method is known to be sensitive to tracecontamination, for example from sampling containers or transfer glass-ware. For recommended sampling containers, refer to Practice D4306.8.2.1 Epoxy-lined containers shall be visually inspected toensure that the lining has not b
26、een damaged and that thecontainers are not dented.8.3 Do not pre-filter the sample as the filter media canremove the surfactants that the test method is designed todetect. If the test fuel contains particulate, then allow suchmaterials to settle out before sub sampling.8.4 Special precautions concer
27、ning sampling techniques arediscussed in Appendix X2. Wipe the container outlet thor-oughly with a clean, lint-free wipe. Take extreme care whenpouring the sample directly into the test beaker to avoidcontamination from the top of the container.8.5 If the sample for test is not within the temperatur
28、e range18 C to 29 C, then allow the sample to stand until it is withinthis range.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 GeneralFollow the manufacturers instructions for thecorrect set up, verification, calibration, and operation of theapparatus.9.2 Location of ApparatusLocate the apparatus on a solidsurface
29、 in a well-ventilated area.9.3 Filter CartridgeAt the beginning of each test, replacethe filter cartridge and wipe the sample inlet tube, thermometerprobe, and sonicator with a clean, lint-free wipe.9.4 Test BeakerBefore each test, ensure that the testbeaker is clean and dry.NOTE 3To avoid contamina
30、tion, it is recommended to use a new testbeaker for each test.9.5 Cleaning SolventCheck visually that there is sufficientisopropyl alcohol available in the solvent reservoir.9.6 Dyed WaterCheck visually that there is sufficient dyedwater in the water reservoir to cover the inlet tube.9.7 Switch on t
31、he apparatus in accordance with the manu-facturers instructions.4The sole source of supply of the dyed water known to the committee at this timeis Stanhope-Seta/D-2 Incorporated, Falmouth, MA. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarter
32、s.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.TABLE 1 Reference Fluid Dispersing Agent ConcentrationsConcentration (mL/L) WSI0 100.00.2 97.60.4 79.80.6 75.40.8 68.8D8073 1629.8 Purge the dyed water into a waste container t
33、o removetrapped bubbles of air in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.10. Calibration, Verification and Standardization10.1 Follow the manufacturers instructions for verificationand calibration of the mechanical and electronic systems in theapparatus.10.2 Verification:10.2.1 Flow RateVerif
34、y that the flow rate is 25 mL min to30 mL min, at least once every six months according to themanufacturers instructions. If the flow rate is not correct,follow the manufacturers instructions to diagnose and adjust.10.2.2 Water VolumeVerify that the correct volume ofdyed water (0.060 mL 6 0.005 mL)
35、is dispensed following themanufacturers instructions.10.2.3 Temperature Probe Calibrationverify the tempera-ture at 20 C following the manufacturers instructions. Reca-librate the temperature probe if the temperature measurement isnot within 1 C.10.2.4 Overall OperationCheck the overall operation of
36、the apparatus using a reference fluid containing 0.4 mL L ofdispersing agent, and with reference fluid containing 0 mL Ldispersing agent as required for quality control or at least everysix months. Test the reference fluid following the proceduredetailed in Section 11. Confirm that the value is betw
37、een75.0 WSI and 85.0 WSI for the 0.4 mL L dispersing agent andbetween 97.5 WSI and 100.0 WSI for the 0 mL L dispersingagent.11. Procedure11.1 Refer to the diagram for a description of the apparatus(Appendix X1).11.2 Load a new filter cartridge into the holder.11.3 Wipe the sonicator and inlet tube u
38、sing a lint-free wipe.11.4 Gently tumble the test specimen in its original con-tainer end over end five times.11.5 Pour 220 mL 6 10 mL of test specimen into a cleantest beakerif required, adjust the volume with a single usedisposable pipet.11.6 Put the test beaker into the test beaker holder on thea
39、pparatus.11.7 Insert the inlet tube, sonicator and temperatureprobeif required, wait for the temperature to be between18 C and 29 C.11.8 Press Start on the apparatus. The following steps occurautomatically.11.9 The test specimen is pumped into the apparatus topurge the previous sample.11.10 An aliqu
40、ot of dyed water, 0.06 mL 6 0.01 mL, isadded to the test specimen in the test beaker.11.11 The sonicator cycles on and off for 3 min 6 0.5 minto form a test specimen/dyed water emulsion.11.12 The emulsion is pumped to the detector and on to thewaste container. The detector reading is stored every se
41、cond.11.13 The detector is cleaned with isopropyl alcohol.11.14 The emulsion is pumped through the filter cartridgeand detector and then to the waste container.11.15 The detector readings are stored continuously and thetest is completed after 5.6 min 6 0.2 min.11.16 The result is automatically calcu
42、lated and displayed.NOTE 4Users are advised to check that there is less than 50 mL(typical) left in the beaker at the end of the test.12. Calculation12.1 The Water Separation Index (WSI) is automaticallycalculated by an algorithm (Version 1.0) in the apparatus to thenearest 0.1.13. Report13.1 The te
43、st report shall contain at least the followinginformation:13.1.1 A reference to this standard.13.1.2 All details necessary for complete identification ofthe product tested.13.1.3 The result of the test (see Section 12) to the nearest0.1.13.1.4 Any deviations, by agreement or otherwise, from theproce
44、dures specified, and13.1.5 The time and date of the test.14. Precision and Bias14.1 GeneralThe precision values given in 14.2 and 14.3were derived from a 2015 laboratory study that used eightinstruments and individual operators at a single location, to test16 samples in duplicate and in random order
45、. The calculationmethod that converts individual detector readings into the finalresult was improved after the ILS. Further details are availablein the research report.514.1.1 As the precision was determined from results ob-tained at a single location, the reproducibility may not becomparable when r
46、esults obtained at different times andlocations are compared, due to sampling, shipping, storage, andenvironmental factors. In practice, two results obtained fromdifferent locations would be within test method precision iftheir absolute difference did not exceed the published repro-ducibility.14.1.2
47、 The precision was obtained by statistical examina-tion of the laboratory study test results according to ISO4259(D6300) using ADJ6300 D2PP.14.2 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive testresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on nomi
48、nally identical testmaterial would, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the value below only in one case in 20:5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1843. ContactASTM CustomerService at se
49、rviceastm.org.D8073 163Repeatability 5 0.35 105.66 2 x! WSI (1)where:x = the average of the results being compared.14.2.1 See Table 2 for a tabular illustration and AppendixX3 for a graphical illustration of this relationship.14.3 ReproducibilityThe difference between two test re-sults independently obtained by different operators usingdifferent apparatus on nominally identical test material would,in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceedthe value below only in one case in 20:Reproducibility R! 5 0.41
