1、Designation: D8141 17Standard Guide forSelecting Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Emission TestingMethods to Determine Emission Parameters for Modeling ofIndoor Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8141; the number immediately
2、 following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide
3、is intended to serve as a foundation forunderstanding when to use emission testing methods designedfor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modelingindoor VOC concentrations and when to use emission testingmethods designed for semi-vo
4、latile organic compounds(SVOCs) to determine mass transfer emission parameters thatare typically used to model indoor SVOC concentrations.1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conven-tionally categorized with respect to volatility.1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass transfer model
5、describing organic chemical emissions from a material to bulkair. The values of the model parameters are shown to bespecific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass transfer model toestimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the materialor convective m
6、ass transfer of the chemical from the surface ofthe material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions fromthe material surface.1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers thatare available for emission testing. The chambers are classifiedas either dynamic or static and either conv
7、entional or sand-wich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal todetermine either the area-specific emission rate or mass trans-fer emission parameters.1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convectivemass transfer coefficients play in selecting the proper emissionchamber and analysis
8、 method to accurately and efficientlycharacterize emissions from indoor materials for use in mod-eling indoor chemical concentrations.1.7 This guide gives recommendations on when to choosean emission test method that is optimized to determine eitherthe area-specific emission rate or mass transfer em
9、issionparameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass transferprocess is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to deter-mine if the chemical emission is controlled by convective masstransfer of the chemical from the material.1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance formeasuring emiss
10、ion parameters.1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and drymaterials and products are different. This guide considers theemission of chemicals from dry materials and products. Ex-amples of SVOCs that this guide applies to include flameretardants, plasticizers, antioxidants, preservatives, a
11、nd co-alescing agents (1).2Emission estimations for other SVOCclasses including those generated by incomplete combustion,sprayed, or applied as a powder (pesticides, termiticides,herbicides, stain repellents, sealants, water repellants) (1) mayrequire different approaches than outlined in this guide
12、.1.10 The effects of the emissions (for example, exposure,and health effects on occupants) are not addressed and arebeyond the scope of this guide.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.12 This standard does not
13、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international st
14、andard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1T
15、his guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D8141-17.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at t
16、he end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for
17、theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmen
18、tal Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD6007 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-ScaleChamberD6177 Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Vola-tile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding SetsD
19、6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Com-pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-der Defined Test ConditionsD6345 Guide for Selection of Methods for Active, Integra-tive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in AirD6670 P
20、ractice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD7706 Practice for Rapid Screening of VOC Emissionsfrom Products Using Micro-Scale ChambersE1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Produc
21、tsUsing a Large Chamber2.2 Other Documents:Directive 2004/42/CE of the European Parliament and of theCouncil on the limitation of emissions of volatile organiccompounds due to the use of organic solvents in certainpaints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products andamending Directive 1999/13/EC
22、Emission Testing Method for CDPH Standard Method V1.2.,2017 Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation ofVolatile Organic Chemical Emissions from IndoorSources using Environmental Chambers, Indoor Air Qual-ity Section, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch,Division of Environmental and Occupati
23、onal DiseaseControl, California Department of Public HealthI.S. EN 16402:2013 Paints and VarnishesAssessment ofEmissions of Substances from Coatings into Indoor AirSampling, Conditioning, and TestingISO 16000-6:2011 Indoor AirPart 6: Determination ofVolatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Cham
24、berAir by Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, ThermalDesorption and Gas Chromatography using MS or MS-FIDISO 12219-1 Interior Air of Road VehiclesPart 1: WholeVehicle Test ChamberSpecification and Method for theDetermination of volatile Organic Compounds in CabinInteriors3. Terminology3.1 Definitio
25、ns:3.1.1 For definitions of terms commonly used for samplingand analysis of atmospheres, refer to Terminology D1356. Fordefinitions and terms commonly used when testing materialsand products for emissions, refer to Guide D5116.4. Significance and Use4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by
26、internalmass transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through thematerial), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlledby external mass transfer limitations (migration through the airimmediately above the material). The emission of some chemi-cals may be controlled by both internal and ext
27、ernal masstransfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vaporpressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media (chamberwalls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) atgreater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amountof time required to reach steady-state SVOC conce
28、ntrationsusing conventional VOC emission test methods to months fora single test (2).4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions ofVOCs may not be practical to properly characterize emissionrates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations inindoor environments. A mass transfer fram
29、ework is needed toaccurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting theSVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor environments. TheSVOC mass transfer framework includes SVOC emissioncharacteristics and its partition to multimedia including sorp-tion to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and
30、settled dust.Once the SVOC emission parameters and partitioning coeffi-cients have been determined, these values can be used tomodeling SVOC indoor concentrations.5. Overview of Concepts Related to Organic ChemicalEmissions in Indoor Environments5.1 Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)There aremany
31、 physical property based definitions used to describe thedifference between a Very Volatile Organic Compound(VVOC), a VOC, an SVOC, and a Non-Volatile OrganicCompound (NVOC). The definitions typically are based on thechemicalsvapor pressure at 25 C, the chemical boiling point,or the relative positio
32、n (time) a chemical is observed on achromatograph. These definitions are useful to differentiatebetween chemicals in laboratory settings and experiments.Table 1 lists the different physical property-based definitionsfrom ten different references. The data in Table 1 are notprovided as authoritative
33、definitions for VOC and SVOCs, butrather to inform the reader to the extent of variation in accepteddefinitions for these terms. As an example, the chemicalproperties used to differentiate between a VOC and an SVOCare listed in the row between the VOC and SVOC rows. Thereare five different boiling p
34、oints spanning a 107 C range thathave been used to define the cut off between a VOC and anSVOC. The delineation between VOC and SVOC is furthercomplicated by the fact that some chemicals do not have anaccurately measured boiling point or decompose prior toboiling. Likewise, there are no universally
35、accepted vaporpressure or chromatographic retention time delineations be-tween VOCs and SVOCs. The use of chromatographic reten-tion time as a delineator is further complicated because3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
36、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D8141 172retention times are strongly influenced by chromatographicconditions such as the choice of the column stationary phasepolarity.5.1.1 Labeling chemicals as VVOCs, VOCs,
37、SVOCs, orNVOCs using chemical properties such as vapor pressure andboiling point may have limited value when trying to describehow chemicals emit from materials in indoor environments.This is especially true for chemicals close to the edge of thesephysical property definitions.5.1.2 When modeling ma
38、terial emissions into an indoorenvironment, the classification (VOC, SVOC) is not as impor-tant as defining the rate limiting step for the emission of thechemical. The rate limiting step is the slowest step in themigration of a chemical from the interior of the material to thebulk air and is a funct
39、ion of the chemical, material, andenvironment combination. Chemicals emitting from materialscan be broadly classified into three groups: (1) chemicalswhere the rate limiting step is the migration of the chemical tothe materials surface (internal mass transfer, typical of chemi-cals classified as VOC
40、s), (2) chemical where the rate limitingstep is the migration of the chemical from the materials surfaceto the bulk air (external mass transfer, typical of chemicalsclassified as SVOCs), or (3) chemicals where the rate ofmigration of the chemical to the material surface and migrationof the chemical
41、from the material surface into the bulk air aresimilar for a given environment.5.1.3 In addition, the emission of a chemical might belimited by internal diffusion in one material, but limited byexternal mass transfer in another material depending upon thematerial composition and physical structure.
42、These casesillustrate that there is no definitive delineation between a VOCor an SVOC from either a chemical characteristic definition orfrom a mass transfer framework.5.2 Mass Transfer ParametersTo understand how VOCand SVOC emissions differ, it is important to understand amathematical model of mas
43、s transfer for a chemical movingfrom the solid material phase to the air phase. Fig. 1 illustratesa simplified, one dimensional mass transfer model for achemical emitting from a material. This model is applicable tothe emission of both VOCs and SVOCs from a material. In thismodel, the following para
44、meters are defined as:TABLE 1 Chemical Classification Definition Ranges for VVOC, VOC, SVOC, and NVOCNOTE 1The chemical properties used to differentiate between different classifications are listed in the row between the classification rows. Somevalues listed are illustrative examples given in the r
45、eferences listed below the table. The maximum chromatogram retention time describes how thechemical elutes from a non-polar or slightly polar gas chromatographic separation column compared to n-alkane.Maximum Vapor Pressureat 25 CMaximum Boiling Pointat 101.3 kPaMaximum ChromatogramRetention TimeVVO
46、CVVOC / VOC Delineation 15 kPaA30 CAC5B500 kPaC68 CDC6E,D50100 CFVOCVOC / SVOC Delineation 10-2kPaG,H,I,J,C180 CAC16E,D250 CKC17B240260 CF,H287 CE,DSVOCSVOC / NVOC Delineation 10-8kPaG,H,J300350 CAC22D10-12kPaI380400 CF,HNVOCAGuide D6345 10BEmission Testing Method for CDPH Standard Method V1.2., 201
47、7 (also known as California Specification 01350)CPractice D6330DI.S. EN 16402:2013EISO 16000-6:2011FWHO (3)GTerminology D1356 15bHISO 122191ILittle, Weschler (1)JPractice D6177 14KDirective 2004/42/CEFIG. 1 Mass Transfer from a One Dimensional Material to Bulk Air (adapted from Xu and Zhang (4)D8141
48、 173C(x,t)= the chemical concentration in the solid material at adepth x at time t (g/m3)C(L,t)= the chemical concentration on the surface of thesolid material (x = L) at time t (g/m3)y(t)= the chemical concentration in the bulk air at time t(g/m3)yo(t)= the chemical concentration in the air phase i
49、mmedi-ate above the material surface at time t (g/m3)L = the thickness of the material (m)K = the ratio of chemical concentrations in the solid andair phases when the chemical is in equilibrium acrossthe interface between the two phases (dimensionlessor m3air 1/m3material)D = the diffusion constant for the chemical in the bulkmaterial (resistance to movement through the mate-rial (m2/s)hm= the convective mass transfer coefficient (resistance tomovement through the gaseous boundary layer,(m/s)5.2.1 Other parameters used in this guide include:A = th
