1、Designation: D8163 17Standard Test Method forDetermination of Strength of Colorants and Bases forArchitectural, Marine, Maintenance, Commercial, andIndustrial Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8163; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength ofcolora
3、nt dispersions, colored and white bases, for architectural,marine, maintenance, commercial, and industrial coatings.1.2 This test method applies to colorant dispersions andcolored and white bases regardless of the methods used todisperse these materials.1.3 The resultant test value is in terms of pe
4、rcent strength inwhich a material stronger than standard is implied by valueslarger than 100 % and weaker than standard is implied byvalues less than 100 %. The value of 100 % implies exactstrength conformance to the test method.1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination ofstrength when
5、tolerances are set about standards that areprepared either by weight concentration or volume concentra-tion.1.5 The test result is empirically determined. The userdetermines and supplies the standard for strength of the productunder test and the test result is relative to that suppliedstandard.1.6 T
6、he values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the s
7、tandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio
8、r to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBa
9、rriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD3964 Practice for Selection of Coating S
10、pecimens forAppearance MeasurementsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispheric
11、al GeometryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)Geometry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Terms and definitions in Terminology E284are applicable to this test method.3.1.1 reflection factor, nin strength of colorant or base, avalue rep
12、resentative of the fraction of incident radiant energythat is reflected from a surface under conditions specified.3.1.2 strength, nof a colorant or base, a value that isquantitatively related to the effective concentration of a testcolorant or test base relative to the effective concentration ofthe
13、standard or reference for that colorant or base.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published Ja
14、nuary 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8163-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Internationa
15、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides
16、and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Summary of Test Method4.1 The user supplies a standard base and a standardcolorant. A standard sample is prepared from these ingredientsby a predetermined formula that will achieve a target ref
17、lec-tance. A test sample is made using the same formula by mixingthe material being tested with the appropriate standard materialdepending upon whether the material under test is a colorant ora base.4.2 The standard sample and the test sample are drawndown side by side on a black-and-white test char
18、t.4.3 The drawdown is dried by appropriate means, and thespectral reflectance factor of each standard and sample aremeasured on a spectrophotometer.4.4 A value is selected, or calculated, from among thespectrophotometric reflection functions to represent the relativereflection factors of each of the
19、 two specimens.4.5 These two values are converted by calculation to opticalparameters, K-over-S, where K is the Kubelka-Munk absorp-tion coefficient and S the Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient.These values are appropriately put in ratio with each other andmultiplied by 100 to achieve the test valu
20、e, relative strength inpercent of the standard value. The ratio assumes that the opticalparameters are directly, linearly proportional to the relativeconcentration of the dispersed media in the range of concen-tration used in the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method results are suitable f
21、or use by manu-facturers of colorants and bases for quality control purposes onmanufactured product.5.2 The test method results are suitable for use by purchas-ers of colorants and bases for incoming quality control or thedetermination of money value of colorants and bases.6. Interferences6.1 Differ
22、ences between the standard and the test materialsin the following properties may be interpreted by the testmethod as a strength difference and thus comprise an interfer-ence with the test: color difference between the standardspecimen and the test specimen in the hue or chromadirections, gloss diffe
23、rence, metamerism, measurement geom-etry differences, hiding differences, and flocculation differ-ences.6.2 The presence of any one or more of these interferencescould invalidate the test results.7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic Scale, with readability of at least 0.001 g0.000 035 274 oz and resolution of
24、 at least 0.01 g 0.000 35274 oz.7.2 Weight per gallon cup if strength is assessed by volume.7.3 Black-and-white sealed drawdown charts.7.4 Drawdown Bars, capable of applying a coating typically15.25 cm 6 in. wide. The applicators shall be capable ofapplying 200 and 300 m 8 and 12 mils wet film or ot
25、her wetfilm thickness as appropriate. Bird type bars are usuallymarked with values that are half these dimensions and sowould be marked 100 and 150 m 4 and 6 mils, respectively.Under some circumstances, drawdown bars with other clear-ances may be appropriately used.7.5 Apparatus to hold the drawdown
26、 chart in place while thedrawdown is made and this may consist of a glass plate or avacuum plate to hold the drawdown flat on a smooth and levelsurface.7.6 Spectrophotometer, Spectrometer, or Colorimeter.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests
27、. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsuffici
28、ently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.8.2 Users are responsible for providing standard strengthwhite base and standard strength colorants for each colorant orbase put under test. These materials will have to be replacedwhen they are depleted, and spec
29、ial care shall be taken that thereplacement materials have exact continuity of strength withthe materials they are replacing.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Verify the calibration of the weight per gallon cup atleast once each month in accordance with the instructions fordoing so in accordance
30、 with Test Method D1475.9.2 Verify the calibration of the spectrophotometer at leastonce each month in accordance with Practice E1164 in whichthis process is called standardization and verification.10. Conditioning10.1 Assure that all materials have been shaken on a paintshaker for at least 2 min on
31、 the day on which they will be used.10.2 The viscosity ranges of most materials within the scopeof this test method are such that the vigorous shaking necessaryto homogenization of the materials causes air to be entrappedin the liquid. As part of the sample conditioning, users shallemploy at least o
32、ne of the three methods given in Test MethodD1475 for the removal of air from the sample. The methods arecentrifugation, vacuum deaeration, and reduction of viscositywith solvent, including water if applicable. Only the sampleunder current consideration need be deaerated, not the entirestored standa
33、rd material.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United State
34、s Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D8163 17211. ProcedureMETHOD A11.1 Colorant Test Method:11.1.1 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount ofstandard white base and standard colorant to achieve a reflec-tance at the wavelength of maximu
35、m absorption of between 35and 50 % reflectance with 40 % reflectance considered ideal.Prepare this sample by weight even though the strength valuesought may be by volume.11.1.2 Prepare a wet sample by blending the identicalweight of standard white base as is contained in the wetstandard and an ident
36、ical weight of test colorant as is containedin the wet standard if the test colorant is to be assessed byweight, otherwise an identical volume as contained in the wetstandard.11.1.3 The standard white base used in both samples shallbe of the same lot and from the same deaerated subsample ofstandard
37、white base.11.1.4 Drawdown the two wet samples side by side on ablack-and-white sealed drawdown card in accordance withPractices D823 Method C for motor-driven blade or Method Efor hand-held blade. Use a drawdown bar that will achieve afilm thick enough to be opaque when dry. This is usuallyconsider
38、ed to be met by a contrast ratio of 0.98 or more. Placethe test sample on the left half of the card and the standardsample on the right.11.1.5 Rub up both samples immediately after the draw-down by rubbing a small circle in the wet paint several timeswith light pressure from a finger to assess for d
39、ifferences inflocculation. Perform this rub up over the black portion of thecard. Inspect the drawdown for differences in color as a resultof flocculation in either sample. Any visual differences in theseproperties shall cause a termination of the test at this juncturein the test process.11.1.6 Dry
40、the specimen card by air dry overnight, forcedrying in a low (approximately 25C 77F oven with movingair), or in a microwave oven.11.1.7 Inspect the drawdown for differences in color in thehue difference direction, metamerism, or gloss. Any visualdifferences in these properties shall cause a terminat
41、ion of thetest at this juncture in the test process.11.1.8 Select a representative area of the standard specimenover the white portion of the card and the test specimen overthe white portion of the card to be measured. Such selectionshall be in accordance with Practice D3964.11.1.9 Measure the refle
42、ctance factor of both the standardand the test specimens in accordance with Test Method E1331if hemispherical illumination is used or Test Method E1349 ifbidirectional instrumentation (0:45) is used.11.1.10 Select a value to be used as the reflection factor inthe calculations from the list of possib
43、ilities in Table 1.Ifatristimulus value is chosen, it shall be the minimum value fromamong X, Y, and Z. Further, if a tristimulus value is chosen,select an illuminant-observer weight set for tristimulus inte-gration from Practice E308. Perform the tristimulus integrationin accordance with Practice E
44、308. Scale the reflection factor tobe in the range zero to unity. Perform the strength calculationsin accordance with Section 12.METHOD B11.2 Base Test Method:11.2.1 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount ofstandard white base and standard colorant to achieve a reflec-tance of between 35 and 5
45、0 % reflectance factor with 40 %reflectance factor considered ideal. Prepare this sample byweight even though the strength value sought is by volume.11.2.2 The standard colorant used in both samples shall beof the same lot and from the same deaerated subsample ofstandard colorant.11.2.3 Prepare a we
46、t sample by blending the identicalweight of test white base, if the test result is to be assessed byweight; otherwise, an identical volume, as is contained in thewet standard and an identical weight; otherwise, an identicalvolume of standard colorant as is contained in the wet standard.The standard
47、colorant used in both samples shall be taken fromthe same lot and the same deaerated subsample of standardcolorant.11.2.4 Follow the procedure of 11.1.4 11.1.10 as thebalance of the test method procedure is identical for test baseto that of the test colorant.METHOD C11.3 White Colorant Method:11.3.1
48、 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount ofstandard white colorant and standard black colorant to achievea reflectance in neutral base of between 35 and 50 %reflectance factor with 40 % reflectance factor consideredideal. Prepare this sample at an appropriate level of totalcolorant concentratio
49、n to achieve hiding in the neutral base.Prepare this sample by weight even though the strength valuesought is by volume.11.3.2 Prepare a wet sample by blending the identicalweight of neutral base, test white colorant, and standard blackcolorant, if the test result is to be assessed by weight,otherwise, an identical volume as is contained in the wetstandard. The standard colorant and neutral base used in bothsamples shall be of the same lot and from the same deaeratedsubsample of standard colorant and neutral base.11.3.3 Follow the procedure of 11.1.3 11.1.10
