1、Designation: D8163 17D8163 18Standard Test Method forDetermination of Strength of Colorants and Bases forArchitectural, Marine, Maintenance, Commercial, andIndustrial Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8163; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength
3、of colorant dispersions, colored and white bases, for architectural,marine, maintenance, commercial, and industrial coatings.1.2 This test method applies to colorant dispersions and colored and white bases regardless of the methods used to disperse thesematerials.1.3 The resultant test value is in t
4、erms of percent strength in which a material stronger than standard is implied by values largerthan 100 % and weaker than standard is implied by values less than 100 %. The value of 100 % implies exact strength conformanceto the test method.1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination of s
5、trength when tolerances are set about standards that are prepared eitherby weight concentration or volume concentration.1.5 The test result is empirically determined. The user determines and supplies the standard for strength of the product undertest and the test result is relative to that supplied
6、standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-confo
7、rmance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory l
8、imitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization
9、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test PanelsD1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related ProductsD3964 Practice for Selectio
10、n of Coating Specimens for Appearance MeasurementsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry
11、Using Hemispherical GeometryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibilit
12、y ofSubcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017June 1, 2018. Published January 2018June 2018. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8163 17. DOI: 10.1520/D8163-17.10.1520/D8163-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM webs
13、ite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indicatio
14、n of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consid
15、ered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this test method.3.1.1 reflection factor, nin strength of colorant o
16、r base, a value representative of the fraction of incident radiant energy thatis reflected from a surface under conditions specified.3.1.2 strength, nof a colorant or base, a value that is quantitatively related to the effective concentration of a test colorant ortest base relative to the effective
17、concentration of the standard or reference for that colorant or base.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The user supplies a standard base and a standard colorant. A standard sample is prepared from these ingredients by apredetermined formula that will achieve a target reflectance. A test sample is made us
18、ing the same formula by mixing the materialbeing tested with the appropriate standard material depending upon whether the material under test is a colorant or a base.4.2 The standard sample and the test sample are drawn down side by side on a black-and-white test chart.4.3 The drawdown is dried by a
19、ppropriate means, and the spectral reflectance factor of each standard and sample are measuredon a spectrophotometer.4.4 Avalue is selected, or calculated, from among the spectrophotometric reflection functions to represent the relative reflectionfactors of each of the two specimens.4.5 These two va
20、lues are converted by calculation to optical parameters, K-over-S, where K is the Kubelka-Munk absorptioncoefficient and S the Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient. These values are appropriately put in ratio with each other andmultiplied by 100 to achieve the test value, relative strength in percent
21、 of the standard value. The ratio assumes that the opticalparameters are directly, linearly proportional to the relative concentration of the dispersed media in the range of concentration usedin the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method results are suitable for use by manufacturers of colo
22、rants and bases for quality control purposes onmanufactured product.5.2 The test method results are suitable for use by purchasers of colorants and bases for incoming quality control or thedetermination of money value of colorants and bases.6. Interferences6.1 Differences between the standard and th
23、e test materials in the following properties may be interpreted by the test methodas a strength difference and thus comprise an interference with the test: color difference between the standard specimen and thetest specimen in the hue or chroma directions, gloss difference, metamerism, measurement g
24、eometry differences, hidingdifferences, and flocculation differences.6.2 The presence of any one or more of these interferences could invalidate the test results.7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic Scale, with readability of at least 0.001 g 0.000 035 274 oz and resolution of at least 0.01 g 0.000 352 74 oz.
25、g.7.2 Weight per gallon cup if strength is assessed by volume.7.3 Black-and-white sealed drawdown charts.7.4 Drawdown Bars, capable of applying a coating typically 15.25 cm 6 in. wide. The applicators shall be capable of applying200 and 300 m 8 and 12 mils wet film or other wet film thickness as app
26、ropriate. Bird type bars are usually marked with valuesthat are half these dimensions and so would be marked 100 and 150 m 4 and 6 mils, respectively. Under some circumstances,drawdown bars with other clearances may be appropriately used.7.5 Apparatus to hold the drawdown chart in place while the dr
27、awdown is made and this may consist of a glass plate or avacuum plate to hold the drawdown flat on a smooth and level surface.7.6 Spectrophotometer, Spectrometer, or Colorimeter. Color Measuring Instrument: a colorimetric spectrophotometer meetingthe requirements of Practice E1164 having a spectral
28、range of at least 400 to 700 nm at 10 nm intervals and having a measuringport ideally 25 mm in size, and measuring Total:Normal (di:0), sometimes called SPIN or SIN. Alternatively, but less desirably,one may utilize a smaller measuring aperture and measuring geometry Diffuse:Normal (de:0), 45:Normal
29、 (45:0) or (0:45).8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, whereD8163 18
30、2such specifications are available.3 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.8.1 Users are responsible for providing standard strength white base and standard stren
31、gth colorants for each colorant or baseput under test. These materials will have to be replaced when they are depleted, and special care shall be taken that the replacementmaterials have exact continuity of strength with the materials they are replacing.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Verify t
32、he calibration of the weight per gallon cup at least once each month in accordance with the instructions for doingso in accordance with Test Method D1475.9.2 Verify the calibration of the spectrophotometer at least once each month in accordance with Practice E1164 in which thisprocess is called stan
33、dardization and verification.10. Conditioning10.1 Assure that all materials have been shaken on a paint shaker for at least 2 min on the day on which they will be used.10.2 The viscosity ranges of most materials within the scope of this test method are such that the vigorous shaking necessaryto homo
34、genization of the materials causes air to be entrapped in the liquid. As part of the sample conditioning, users shall employat least one of the three methods given in Test Method D1475 for the removal of air from the sample. The methods arecentrifugation, vacuum deaeration, and reduction of viscosit
35、y with solvent, including water if applicable. Only the sample undercurrent consideration need be deaerated, not the entire stored standard material.11. ProcedureMETHOD A11.1 Colorant Test Method:11.1.1 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount of standard white base and standard colorant to achi
36、eve a reflectance atthe wavelength of maximum absorption of between 35 and 50 % reflectance with 40 % reflectance considered ideal. Prepare thissample by weight even though the strength value sought may be by volume.11.1.2 Prepare a wet sample by blending the identical weight of standard white base
37、as is contained in the wet standard and anidentical weight of test colorant as is contained in the wet standard if the test colorant is to be assessed by weight, otherwise anidentical volume as contained in the wet standard.11.1.3 The standard white base used in both samples shall be of the same lot
38、 and from the same deaerated subsample of standardwhite base.11.1.4 Drawdown the two wet samples side by side on a black-and-white sealed drawdown card in accordance with PracticesD823 Method C for motor-driven blade or Method E for hand-held blade. Use a drawdown bar that will achieve a film thick
39、enoughto be opaque when dry. This is usually considered to be met by a contrast ratio of 0.98 or more. Place the test sample on the lefthalf of the card and the standard sample on the right.11.1.5 Rub up both samples immediately after the drawdown by rubbing a small circle in the wet paint several t
40、imes with lightpressure from a finger to assess for differences in flocculation. Perform this rub up over the black portion of the card. Inspect thedrawdown for differences in color as a result of flocculation in either sample.Any visual differences in these properties shall causea termination of th
41、e test at this juncture in the test process.11.1.6 Dry the specimen card by air dry overnight, force drying in a low (approximately 25C 77F(77F) oven with movingair), or in a microwave oven.11.1.7 Inspect the drawdown for differences in color in the hue difference direction, metamerism, or gloss. An
42、y visualdifferences in these properties shall cause a termination of the test at this juncture in the test process.11.1.8 Select a representative area of the standard specimen over the white portion of the card and the test specimen over thewhite portion of the card to be measured. Such selection sh
43、all be in accordance with Practice D3964.11.1.9 Measure the reflectance factor of both the standard and the test specimens in accordance with Test Method E1331 ifhemispherical illumination is used or Test Method E1349 if bidirectional instrumentation (0:45) is used.11.1.10 Select a value to be used
44、as the reflection factor in the calculations from the list of possibilities in Table 1. If a tristimulusvalue is chosen, it shall be the minimum value from among X, Y, and Z. Further, if a tristimulus value is chosen, select anilluminant-observer weight set for tristimulus integration from Practice
45、E308. Perform the tristimulus integration in accordancewith Practice E308. Scale the reflection factor to be in the range zero to unity. Perform the strength calculations in accordance withSection 12.METHOD B11.2 Base Test Method:D8163 18311.2.1 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount of standa
46、rd white base and standard colorant to achieve a reflectance ofbetween 35 and 50 % reflectance factor with 40 % reflectance factor considered ideal. Prepare this sample by weight even thoughthe strength value sought is by volume.11.2.2 The standard colorant used in both samples shall be of the same
47、lot and from the same deaerated subsample of standardcolorant.11.2.3 Prepare a wet sample by blending the identical weight of test white base, if the test result is to be assessed by weight;otherwise, an identical volume, as is contained in the wet standard and an identical weight; otherwise, an ide
48、ntical volume ofstandard colorant as is contained in the wet standard. The standard colorant used in both samples shall be taken from the same lotand the same deaerated subsample of standard colorant.11.2.4 Follow the procedure of 11.1.4 11.1.10 as the balance of the test method procedure is identic
49、al for test base to that ofthe test colorant.METHOD C11.3 White Colorant Method:11.3.1 Prepare a wet standard by blending an amount of standard white colorant and standard black colorant to achieve areflectance in neutral base of between 35 and 50 % reflectance factor with 40 % reflectance factor considered ideal. Prepare thissample at an appropriate level of total colorant concentration to achieve hiding in the neutral base. Prepare this sample by weighteven though the strength value sought is by volume.11.3.2 Prepare a wet sample by blending the ident
