1、Designation: D8175 18Standard Test Method forFinite Flash Point Determination of Liquid Wastes byPensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point test method is a dynamic test method that depends on specified rates of heating tob
3、e able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give theprecision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe opera
4、tional procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by differenttest methods or with different test apparatus.This test method, and Test Method D8174, are used to dete
5、rmine the flash point of liquid wastes.These procedures are primarily derived from Procedures A and B of Test Methods D93 (EN ISO2719), and are informally known as Pensky-Martens.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for a finite flashpoint test, within the range of 20 to 70 C, of liquid
6、 wastesusing a manual or automated Pensky-Martens closed cup tester.1.2 This test method contains two procedures and is appli-cable to liquid waste, liquid phase(s) of multi-phase waste,liquid waste with suspended solids, or liquid waste that tends toform a surface film under test conditions.NOTE 1I
7、f the liquid waste is of a viscosity such that the subsamplevolume will not be uniformly heated under the test conditions even withthe increased stir rate of Procedure B, then use the small-scale method(Test Method D8174 for Finite Flash Point Determination of LiquidWastes by Small-Scale Closed Cup
8、Tester).1.3 ProcedureAis applicable to non-viscous liquids that arewithout suspended solids. Procedure B is applicable to viscousliquids, liquids with suspended solids, or liquids that formfilms.NOTE 2This test method is not applicable for corrosive liquid wastes(see Test Method D8174).1.4 UnitsThe
9、values given in SI units are to be regarded asthe standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mi
10、ne the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Warning statements appear throughout. Also see applicableSafety Data Sheets (SDS) for information about certifiedreference materials (CRMs) or secondary working standards(SWSs) that may be used in the analysis. SDS may also beuseful if some
11、 components of the waste sample are known.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the Wor
12、ld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement Sy
13、stem PerformanceD8174 Test Method for Finite Flash Point Determination ofLiquid Wastes by Small-Scale Closed Cup Tester1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01 on Monitor-ing and Characterization.Curr
14、ent edition approved March 15, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8175-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the De
16、cision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E502 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan-dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicalsby Closed Cup
17、MethodsE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 17034 General Requirements for the Competence ofReference Material ProducersISO Guide 35 Reference Mate
18、rialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationISO 2719 Determination of Flash PointPensky-MartensClosed Cup MethodISO 60751 Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometersand Platinum Temperature Sensors3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ambient temperature, nin waste flash point testmethods,
19、 the temperature in the immediate surroundings wherethe flash point apparatus is located.3.1.2 dynamic, adjcondition in which the vapor above thesubsample and the subsample are not in temperature equilib-rium at the time that the ignition source is applied.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused
20、by the heatingof the subsample at the constant prescribed rate with the vaportemperature lagging behind the subsample temperature.3.1.3 flash point, nin waste flash point test methods, thelowest temperature of the subsample, adjusted to account forthe variation in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa
21、, at whichthe application of an ignition source causes the vapors of thesubsample to ignite under the specified conditions of the test.3.1.4 safety check, nin waste flash point test methods, theinitial dip of the ignitor into the test cup with subsample, beforethe heating process begins, to check if
22、 the sample has a flashpoint at or below 20 C.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A brass test cup of specified dimensions, filled to theinside mark with a waste subsample and fitted with a cover ofspecified dimensions, is heated and the subsample stirred atspecified rates, using one of two defined procedu
23、res,Aor B.Anignition source is directed into the test cup at regular intervalswith simultaneous interruption of the stirring, until a flash isdetected. The flash point is reported as defined in 3.1.3.5. Significance and Use5.1 This procedure is intended to be used to evaluate theignitability of liqu
24、id wastes.5.2 Flash point measures the response of the subsample toapplied heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratoryconditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must beconsidered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of aliquid waste material.5.3 Flash point can ind
25、icate the possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material.6. Interferences6.1 Metals such as brass can react with corrosive wastes togive off hydrogen gas, which can cause a false positive flash.Regardless of film formation, all corrosi
26、ve wastes shall beanalyzed using a small-scale tester with a stainless steel cup(Test Method D8174).6.2 Halogenated Constituents:6.2.1 The presence of some halogenated constituents in thewaste may cause the flash to appear green instead of blue.6.2.2 Some halogenated compounds can flash and somehalo
27、genated compounds only burn. The burning of a haloge-nated constituent within the waste should not be confused witha flash. See Appendix X1 for additional information.6.3 Because of the nature of the waste itself, the flash pointresults of the waste can be inconsistent (greater than reproduc-ibility
28、). An example would include volatile droplets suspendedin a gel. Additional testing may be required to determine thelowest detectable flash point.7. Apparatus7.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (Manual)Thisapparatus consists of the test cup, cover and shutter, stirringdevice, heating source, ign
29、ition source, temperature measuringdevice, air bath, and top plate described in detail in Annex A1and Annex A2. The assembled manual apparatus, test cup,cover, and test cup assembly are illustrated in Figs.A1.1-A1.4,respectively. Dimensions are listed respectively.7.2 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Appar
30、atus (Automated)This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that iscapable of performing the test in accordance with Section 12 ofthis test method. The apparatus shall use the test cup, cover andshutter, stirring device, heating source, ignition source, andtemperature measuring device desc
31、ribed in detail in Annex A1and Annex A2.7.3 Draft ShieldA shield located at the back and on twosides of the instrument, for use in circumstances in whichprotection from drafts does not exist.7.4 BarometerWith accuracy of 0.5 kPa or better. Barom-eters that have been pre-corrected for use at weather
32、stations orairports are not suitable.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Cleaning SolventUse a solvent suitable for cleaningout the subsample from the test cup. Two commonly usedsolvents are toluene and acetone. WarningToluene, acetone,and many solvents are flammable and a health hazard.8.2 Butane, Propane
33、, and Natural GasFor use as a pilotand ignition source (not required if an electric ignitor is used).WarningButane, propane, and natural gases are flammableand a health hazard.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet
34、8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D8175 1828.3 Reference MaterialsSee Annex A3.9. Sampling9.1 Sampling should address the intended use of the analy-sis and should include representative subsampling from thesource waste material. When possible, obtain at least a 250-mLsam
35、ple from the source waste material for single-phase wastes.If multiple-phase waste is suspected, obtain a greater volumeof sample to ensure adequate phase volumes for testing.Approximately 75 mL of subsample is used for each test in afinite flash point determination.9.2 Samples that have multiple ph
36、ases (layers) shall beseparated into single phases. Each separate liquid phase is thentested.9.3 Store samples in clean, tightly sealed containers atnormal room temperature (20 to 25 C) or colder. Avoidfreezing the sample. If the sample is frozen, allow the sampleto warm such that it is a liquid. Do
37、 not store samples for anextended period of time in gas-permeable containers such asplastic, because volatile material can diffuse through the wallsof the container. Samples in leaky containers that can losevolatiles are suspect and may not provide valid results.NOTE 3If a regulatory decision point
38、is being assessed for a waste ina leaky container, the lack of a flash point or a flash point exceeding theregulatory decision point may not satisfy the regulatory assessment.9.4 Erroneously high flash points can be obtained whenprecautions are not taken to avoid loss of volatile materials. Donot op
39、en containers unnecessarily.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Place the apparatus on a level, steady surface. Tests areto be performed in a draft-free room or compartment. Testsmade in a ventilation hood with active airflow or in anylocation where drafts occur may not be reliable. Use a draftshield (
40、7.3) when necessary.NOTE 4For samples with noxious vapors, it is permissible to place theapparatus with a draft shield in a ventilation hood. The draft may beadjusted so that vapors can be withdrawn without causing air currents overthe test cup during the ignition source application period.10.2 Read
41、 the manufacturers instructions on the care andservicing of the apparatus and for the correct operation of anycontrols.10.3 Prepare the apparatus for operation in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions for calibrating, checking, andoperating the equipment. WarningAn incorrectly set testflame
42、size or incorrect positioning for an electric ignitor cansignificantly affect the test result.10.4 Clean the test cup, cover, and its accessories with anappropriate cleaning solvent (8.1) to remove any traces of gumor residue from the previous test. Wipe dry with absorbentpaper.Astream of dry, clean
43、 air may be used to remove the lasttraces of solvent. Dispose of solvents and waste material inaccordance with local regulations.10.5 If not automatically recorded by the instrument, mea-sure and record the ambient atmospheric pressure using thebarometer (7.4) at the time of each test.10.6 An electr
44、onic thermal flash detector may be used inlieu of a visual observation of the flash. In cases of dispute, thevisual observation shall be used.11. Verification of Apparatus11.1 Verify and correct, if necessary, the readings on thetemperature measuring device (A2.1 and A2.2) at least everytwelve month
45、s according to the manufacturers instructions,and that the temperature measuring device is in accordancewith Annex A2.11.2 Verify the performance of the apparatus before initialuse and at least once per year by determining the flash point ofa CRM. Examples of suitable liquids, and their approximatef
46、lash points, are listed in AnnexA3. Use a CRM that has a flashpoint that is reasonably close to the expected temperature rangeof the samples to be tested. The flash point of the referencematerial shall be tested in accordance with Sections 12 and 13.The flash point obtained shall be within the limit
47、s stated inTable A3.1 for the identified CRM, or within the limitscalculated for an unlisted CRM (Annex A3).11.3 Once the performance of the apparatus has beenverified, the flash point of secondary working standards(SWSs) can be determined along with their control limits.These secondary materials ca
48、n then be used for more frequentperformance checks (see Annex A3).11.4 When the flash point obtained is not within the limitsstated in 11.2, check the condition and operation of theapparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in AnnexA1, especially with regard to tightness of the cover (A1
49、.1.2.1),the action of the shutter, the position of the ignition source(A1.1.3), and the angle and position of the temperaturemeasuring device. After any adjustment, repeat the test in 11.2using a fresh subsample, with special attention to the proce-dural details prescribed in this test method.11.5 The numerical values obtained during the verificationcheck (11.2) shall not be used to provide a bias statement, norshall they be used to make any correction, such as to thetemperature calibration of the apparatus or to the flash pointssubsequently determined usi
