1、Designation: D8183 18Standard Test Method forDetermination of Indicated Cetane Number (ICN) of DieselFuel Oils using a Constant Volume Combustion ChamberReference Fuels Calibration Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8183; the number immediately following the designation indi
2、cates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the quantitative d
3、eterminationof the indicated cetane number (ICN) of conventional dieselfuel oils, and diesel fuel oils containing cetane number im-prover additives; it is applicable to products typical of Speci-fication D975, Grades No.1-D and 2-D diesel fuel oils,European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CA
4、N/CGSB-3.517 and CAN/CGSB-3.520. The test method is alsoapplicable to biodiesel, blends of diesel fuel oils containingbiodiesel material (for example, materials as specified inSpecifications D975, D6751, D7467 and European standardsEN 14214, EN 16734, and EN 16709), diesel fuels fromnon-petroleum or
5、igin, hydrocarbon oils, diesel fuel oil blend-ing components, aviation turbine fuels, and polyoxymethylenedimethyl ether (OME).1.2 This test method utilizes a constant volume combustionchamber (CVCC) with direct fuel injection into heated com-pressed air. The apparatus is calibrated using blends of
6、refer-ence fuels. ICN is determined directly from ignition delayusing an instrument specific reference fuel calibration curve.1.3 This test method and its precision cover the calibratedrange of 35 ICN to 85 ICN, inclusive. The analyzer canmeasure ICN outside the calibrated range, but the precision h
7、asnot been determined.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
8、dard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7 onHazards.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recog
9、nized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D613 Test Method for
10、Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of AviationTurbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density Mete
11、rD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleu
12、m ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical
13、 Assessment and Improvementof Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods thatPurport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillate FuelsD7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend(B6 to B20)1This test method is
14、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8183-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Ba
17、rriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.2 European Standards:3EN 590 Automotive fuelsDieselRequirements and testmethodsEN 14214 Liquid petroleum productsFatty acid methylesters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heatingapplicationsRequirements and test methodsEN 16709 Automotive FuelsHigh FAME diesel f
18、uel (B20and B30)Requirements and test methodsEN 16734 Automotive FuelsAutomotive B10 FuelRequirements and test methods2.3 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 41 Ignition quality of diesel fuelsCetane engine testmethodIP 617 Determination of indicated cetane number (ICN) offuels using a constant volume co
19、mbustion chamberPrimary reference fuels calibration (PRFC) method2.4 Canadian Standards:5CAN/CGSB-3.517 Diesel FuelSpecificationCAN/CGSB-3.520 Automotive Low-Sulphur Diesel FuelContaining Low Levels of Biodiesel Esters (B1-B5)Specification2.5 ISO Standards:6ISO 868 Plastics and eboniteDetermination
20、of indentationhardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO Guide 35 Certification of reference materialsGeneralstatistical principles (Reference materialsGuidance forthe characterization and the assessment of the homogene-ity and stability of the material).3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1
21、 cetane number, na measure of the ignition perfor-mance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,cetane number is measured and reported by Methods D613/IP41.3.1.2 quality control (QC) samp
22、le, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system; the material is prop
23、erly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D62993.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 analyzer, nan integrated compression ignition appa-ratus to measure the ignition and combustion characteristics ofdiesel fuel o
24、il.3.2.2 calibration and verification fluids, nvolumetricblends of n-hexadecane and 1-methylnaphthalene, at 20 C,define an ICN scale in specific volume ratios according to therelationship shown in Eq 1.3.2.2.1 DiscussionSeven blends of n-hexadecane and1-methylnaphthalene are used to create an analyz
25、er specificcalibration curve. A single blend is used to create a verificationfluid.3.2.3 calibration curve, nplot of ID versus the ICN (see3.2.6) of reference fuel blends obtained by making ignitiondelay measurements with calibration fluids for each analyzer.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe calibration curve c
26、omprises sevencalibration points covering the 35 ICN to 85 ICN range; seeresearch report7for the format of the equation used.3.2.3.2 DiscussionCalibration curves are different foreach analyzer and can change each time calibration is carriedout.3.2.4 combustion charge air, ncompressed air at a speci-
27、fied pressure introduced into the combustion chamber.3.2.5 ignition delay (ID), nperiod of time, in milliseconds,between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion.3.2.5.1 DiscussionIn the context of this standard, thisperiod is represented by the mean of ID0and ID150.3.2.5.2 ID0,nthe t
28、ime in milliseconds (ms) between thestart of fuel injection and the point where the relative pressurerecovers to 0 kPa, as shown in Fig. A3.1.3.2.5.3 ID150,nthe time in milliseconds (ms) between thestart of fuel injection and the point where the relative pressurereaches 150 kPa, as shown in Fig. A3.
29、1.3.2.5.4 DiscussionStart of fuel injection is interpreted asthe rise in the electronic signal that opens the injector for thetime given in Table 2; timings for ID0and ID150commence atthis start point.3.2.5.5 DiscussionIDs are recorded but not reported asthey are converted into ICN by an instrument
30、specific calibra-tion curve.3.2.6 indicated cetane number (ICN), nmeasure of theignition performance of a diesel fuel obtained by comparing itto reference fuels that have been blended to a scale; where 0and 100 are represented by 1-methylnaphthalene andn-hexadecane respectively, to create a calibrat
31、ion curve.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIt is in principle a number indicatedfrom a calibration curve that has been generated on theanalyszer under test using reference fuel blend calibrationpoints. The calibration curve, ICN = function of ignition delay(ID); see research report7for the format of the equation u
32、sed.The scale is defined by the relationship shown in Eq 1:indicated cetane number = % n-hexadecane volume fraction! (1)for any blends of n-hexadecane and 1-MN.3.2.7 injection time, nthe period of time, in microseconds(s), that the fuel injector nozzle is open as determined by the3Available from Eur
33、opean Committee for Standardization (CEN), Rue de laScience 23, B-1040, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.5Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), 11 Laurier St.,Phase III, Place
34、du Portage, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0S5, Canada, http:/www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.7Research Report reference IP 617 (ILS): Available from Energy Institute, 61New Cavendish
35、 St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.D8183 182length of the electronic signal (injection pulse), inmicroseconds, that opens the injector.3.2.8 reference fuels, n1-methylnaphthalene andn-hexadecane.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ICNindicated cetane number3.3.2 IDignition delay3.3.3 1MNre
36、ference fuel 1-methylnaphthalene3.3.4 QCquality control4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sub-sample of the sample under test is automaticallydrawn from a sample vial located in the auto-sampler carouseland heated during pressurization. At the start of a combustioncycle, a small specimen of the sub-samp
37、le is injected into atemperature and pressure controlled, constant volume combus-tion chamber, which has previously been charged with com-pressed air of a specified quality. Each injection, and itsresulting combustion, causes a rapid pressure rise in thecombustion chamber that is detected by the dyn
38、amic pressuresensor.4.2 The complete test sequence comprises a cleaning stageand multiple combustion cycles (see Section 13, A3.1.5, andA3.1.5.1) to obtain ignition delay (ID) values. The ICN resultis determined using the mean of the combustion cycles IDs,and the reference fuel calibration curve.4.3
39、 Each analyzer is calibrated with seven fluids createdfrom blends of reference fuels, with known ICNs calculatedfrom the ICN scale; test results outside the calibration range aredetermined by extrapolating the calibration curve, but aresubject to increased uncertainty.5. Significance and Use5.1 The
40、ICN value determined by this test method providesa measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil usedin compression ignition engines.5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petro-leum refiners, fuel producers and in commerce as a specifica-tion aid to relate or match fuels an
41、d engines.5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel ICN determinations to thefull scale, variable speed, variable load diesel engine is notcompletely understood.5.4 This test can be applied to non-conventional dieselfuels.5.5 This test determines ICN; it requires a sample ofapproximately 40 mL and a test
42、time of approximately 25 min.5.6 This test method is based on the Energy Institute TestMethod IP 617.6. Interferences6.1 Effects of UV light. Minimize exposure of sample fuels,reference fuels, calibration and verification fluids, and QCsamples to sunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions tominimize
43、induced chemical reactions that can affect the igni-tion delay measurements.6.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wave-lengths shorter than 550 nm for a short period of time cansignificantly affect ignition delay measurements.NOTE 1The formation of peroxide and free radicals can affect i
44、gnitiondelay. These formations are minimized when the fuel sample is stored inthe dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than 10 C and covered bya blanket of inert gas.6.2 Alimited study (see Appendix X1) demonstrated that anunusually high purity (99 %) reference fuel (1- MN) used forcalibrati
45、on can result in a positive relative bias of 0.3 ICN at alevel of 50 ICN.7. Apparatus7.1 Automatic Auto-sampling Analyzer8The apparatus asshown in Fig. A2.1 and outlined in 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.1.3, and7.1.4, is described in more detail in Annex A2. For theinstallation and set-up procedures, and for a de
46、tailed systemdescription, refer to the manufacturers instructions.7.1.1 Electronics, comprising power supplies (including anintegral uninterruptable power supply) for the programmablelogic controllers, data acquisition units,and associated inter-faces.7.1.2 Combustion Chamber Assembly, comprising th
47、eheated constant volume combustion chamber, cooled dynamicpressure sensor as well as regulating and shut-off valves, andtemperature and pressure sensors.7.1.2.1 Combustion Chamber, a stainless steel combustionchamber of capacity 0.390 L 6 0.010 L.7.1.3 Common Rail Injection System, comprising a cool
48、edpiezoelectric injector, high pressure piston pump, heatedpiping, and temperature and pressure sensors.7.1.4 Auto Sampler/Carousel, providing space for up to 36sample vials and cleaning fluid.7.2 Sample Vials, 40 mL (nominal) headspace vials withscrew caps and silicone/PTFE septa or natural rubber/
49、PTFEsepta, approximately 1.3 mm thick, Shore A hardness ofapproximately 45 (see ISO 868). The PTFE side of the septumshall be on the inside of the vial.7.2.1 The vials shall be amber or brown glass to help protectagainst the effects of UV light.7.3 Syringe Filter, disposable, 25 mm to 28 mm diameterwith a nominal pore size of 0.45 m or less, PTFE filter media,to be attached onto a syringe (7.4).7.4 Syringe, disposable, 20 mL plastic, suitable for usewith a syringe filter (7.3).7.5 Recirculating Cooler, capable of recirculating co
