1、Designation: E10 14E10 15 American Association State Highwayand Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T7086Standard Test Method forBrinell Hardness of Metallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E10; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Departm
3、ent of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation hardnessprinciple. This standard provides the requirements for a Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performing Brinell hardnesstests.1.2 This sta
4、ndard includes additional requirements in four annexes:Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1Brinell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters Annex A3Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A41.3 This standard includes no
5、nmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Brinell hardness test:Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers Appendix X1Examples of Procedures for DeterminingBrinell Hardness UncertaintyAppendix X21.4 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units
6、 of kilograms-force (kgf).Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of thehistorical precedent and continued common usage of kgf units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and muchof the discussion in th
7、is standard refers to forces in kgf units.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
8、limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing MachinesE140 Hardness Conver
9、sion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer Association Standard:ABMA 10-198
10、9 Metal Balls32.3 ISO Standards:ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Requirements for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity AssessmentBodies4ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Calibration and Testing41 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28
11、 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on IndentationHardness Testing.Current edition approved May 1, 2014May 1, 2015. Published August 2014June 2015. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asE10 12.E10 14. DOI: 10.1520/E0010-1
12、4.10.1520/E0010-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Bearing Manufact
13、urers Association (ABMA), 2025 M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.americanbearings.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to
14、provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof
15、the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology and Equations3.1 Definitions:3
16、.1.1 calibrationdetermination of the values of the significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a referenceinstrument or by a set of reference standards.3.1.2 verificationchecking or testing to assure conformance with the specification.3.1.3 standardizationto bring in conformance wi
17、th a known standard through verification or calibration.3.1.4 Brinell hardness testan indentation hardness test using a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide ball withdiameter D), under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test. The diameter of the resulting
18、 indentation d ismeasured after removal of the force.3.1.5 Brinell hardness numbera number, which is proportional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the curvedsurface area of the indentation which is assumed to be spherical and of the diameter of the ball.3.1.6 Brinell hardness s
19、calea designation that identifies the specific combination of ball diameter and applied force used toperform the Brinell hardness test.3.1.7 Brinell hardness testing machinea Brinell hardness machine used for general testing purposes.3.1.8 Brinell hardness standardizing machinea Brinell hardness mac
20、hine used for the standardization of Brinell hardness testblocks. The standardizing machine differs from a regular Brinell hardness testing machine by having tighter tolerances on certainparameters.3.1.9 force-diameter ratioa number calculated as the ratio of the test force in kgf to the square of t
21、he indenter ball diameterin mm (see Table 1).3.2 Equations:3.2.1 The Brinell hardness number is calculated as:TABLE 1 Symbols and DesignationsSymbol DesignationD Diameter of the ball, mmF Test force, NFkgf Test force, kgfFkgf5 1gn3Fwhere gn is the acceleration due to gravity.gn = 9.80665 kgf/Nd Mean
22、 diameter of the indentation, mmd5d11d211dnnwhere d1 + d2 + . + dn are the measured indentationdiameters in mm, and n is the number of diameter mea-surements.h Depth of the indentation, mmh5D2D22d22Force-Diameterratio5FkgfD2HBW Brinell hardness5 Test ForceSurface area of indentation5 2FkgfpiD sD2D22
23、d2dE10 152HBW5 2FkgfpiDD 2=D22d2!(1)where:Fkgf = test force in kgf,D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm, andd = measured mean diameter of the indentation in mm (see Table 1).3.2.2 The repeatability R in the performance of a Brinell hardness machine at each hardness level, under the particularveri
24、fication conditions, is estimated by the range of diameter measurements of n indentations made on a standardized test blockas part of a performance verification, defined as:R 5dmax2dmin (2)where:dmax = mean diameter of the largest measured indentation, anddmin = mean diameter of the smallest measure
25、d indentation.3.2.3 The averageH of a set of n Brinell hardness measurement values H1, H2, ., Hn is calculated as:H5H11H211Hnn (3)3.2.4 The error E in the performance of a Brinell hardness machine at each hardness level is determined as:E 5H2HSTD (4)where:H (Eq3)= average of n hardness tests H1, H2,
26、 ., Hn made on a standardized test block as part of a performance verification, andHSTD = certified average hardness value of the standardized test block.3.2.5 The mean diameter of an indentationd is calculated as:d 5d11d211dnn (5)Where:d1, d2, ., dn = measured indentation diameters in mm, andn = th
27、e number of diameter measurements.3.2.6 The average mean diameter d of a set of indentations is calculated as:d5d11d211dNN (6)where:d1, d2, . dN = mean indentation diameters in mm, andN = number of indentations (see Annex A4).4. Significance and Use4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an indentation har
28、dness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. Thisinformation may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metallic materials, andmay be useful in quality control and selection of materials.4.2 Brinell hardness tests a
29、re considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been usedextensively in industry for this purpose.4.3 Brinell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part orend product.5. Principles of Test and
30、 Apparatus5.1 Brinell Hardness Test PrincipleThe general principle of the Brinell indentation hardness test consists of two steps (see Fig.1).5.1.1 Step 1The indenter is brought into contact with the test specimen in a direction perpendicular to the surface, and the testforce F is applied. The test
31、force is held for a specified dwell time and then removed.E10 1535.1.2 Step 2The diameter of the indentation is measured in at least two directions perpendicular to each other. The Brinellhardness value is derived from the mean of the diameter measurements.5.2 Brinell Testing MachineEquipment for Br
32、inell hardness testing usually consists of a testing machine, which supports thetest specimen and applies an indenting force to a ball in contact with the specimen, and a system for measuring the mean diameterof the indentation in accordance with the Brinell hardness test principle. The design of th
33、e testing machine shall be such that norocking or lateral movement of the indenter or specimen occurs while the force is being applied. The design of the testing machineshall ensure that the force to the indenter is applied smoothly and without impact forces. Precautions shall be taken to prevent am
34、omentary high test force caused by the inertia of the system, hydraulic system overshoot, etc.5.2.1 See the Equipment Manufacturers Instruction Manual for a description of the machines characteristics, limitations, andrespective operating procedures.5.2.2 AnvilsAn anvil, or specimen support, should
35、be used that is suitable for the specimen to be tested. The seating andsupporting surfaces of all anvils should be clean and free of foreign material. Typically, anvils need only be replaced if they failto support the test surface perpendicular to the indenter, or they are deemed unsafe.5.2.3 Indent
36、ersIndenters for the Brinell hardness test shall be tungsten carbide balls of four allowed diameters (1, 2.5, 5 and10 mm). Indenters shall meet the requirements defined in Annex A3.5.2.4 Oil, dirt, or other foreign materials shall not be allowed to accumulate on the indenter, as this will affect the
37、 test results.5.2.5 Measurement DeviceThe measurement device used for the measurement of the diameter of Brinell indentations may bean integral part of the hardness machine or a separate stand-alone instrument. The allowable measurement devices are classifiedinto two types. The Type A device include
38、s microscopes having movable measuring lines with some type of indicator orcomputerized measuring system, or an image analysis system. The Type B device is a hand-held microscope (usually 20 or 40)with fixed measuring lines.5.2.5.1 Type A DeviceThe acceptable minimum resolution for a Type A device s
39、hall be as given in Table 2.5.2.5.2 Type B DeviceThe acceptable maximum spacing between the graduated lines of Type B devices shall be as given inTable 2. Type B devices shall not be used for measuring indentations made with 2.5 mm and 1 mm ball indenters.5.3 VerificationBrinell testing machines and
40、 indentation measurement devices shall be verified periodically in accordancewith Annex A1.5.4 Test BlocksTest blocks meeting the requirements of Annex A4 shall be used to verify the testing machine in accordancewith Annex A1.5.5 Brinell Hardness ScalesThe combinations of indenters and test forces d
41、efine the Brinell hardness scales. The standardBrinell hardness scales and test forces are given in Table 3, corresponding to force-diameter ratios (see Table 1) of 1, 1.25, 2.5,5, 10 and 30. Brinell hardness values should be determined and reported in accordance with one of these standard scales. O
42、therscales using non-standard test forces may be used by special agreement. Examples of other scales and the correspondingforce-diameter ratio (in parentheses) are HBW 10/750 (7.5), HBW 10/2000 (20), HBW 10/2500 (25), HBW 5/187.5 (7.5), andHBW 5/500 (20).FIG. 1 Principle of TestTABLE 2 Resolution an
43、d Graduation Spacing of IndentationMeasuring DevicesType A Type BBall DiametermmMinimumIndicator ResolutionmmMaximumGraduation Spacingmm10 0.0100 0.1005 0.0050 0.0502.5 0.0025 1 0.0010 E10 1545.6 Calculation of the Brinell Hardness NumberThe Brinell hardness number shall be calculated from the mean
44、diameter dof the indentation using Eq 1 or from the values given in Appendix X1.5.6.1 Brinell hardness values shall not be designated by a number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter andwhich force has been employed in making the test (see Table 3). Brinell hardness numbers shall
45、 be followed by the symbol HBW,and be supplemented by an index indicating the test conditions in the following order:5.6.1.1 Diameter of the ball, mm,5.6.1.2 A value representing the test force, kgf, (see Table 3) and,5.6.1.3 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 s to 15 s.5.6.2 The only
46、 exception to the above requirement is for the HBW 10/3000 scale when a 10 s to 15 s dwell time is used. Onlyin the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the designation be reported simply as HBW.5.6.3 Examples:220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220 determined with a ball of 10 mm diameterand with
47、a test force of 29.42 kN (3000 kgf) applied for 10 s to 15 s350 HBW 5/750 = Brinell hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5 mmdiameter and with a test force of 7.355 kN (750 kgf) applied for 10 s to 15 s600 HBW 1/30/20 = Brinell hardness of 600 determined with a ball of 1 mmdiameter and with a t
48、est force of 294.2 N (30 kgf) applied for 20 s6. Test Piece6.1 There is no standard shape or size for a Brinell test specimen. The test piece on which the indentation is made shouldconform to the following:6.1.1 ThicknessThe thickness of the specimen tested shall be such that no bulge or other marki
49、ng showing the effect of thetest force appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation. The thickness of the material under test should be at least tentimes the depth of the indentation h (see Table 4). Table 4 can also be used as a guideline for the minimum depth of a layer ofa material, such as a coating.NOTE 1Brinell hardness testing can use high test forces. Under certain conditions of testing a relatively thin material or coating on a material withhigh hardness, there is a potential for the test material to break
