1、Designation: C949 80 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forPorosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores,cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwiseimpermea
3、ble whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfiredware.NOTE 1This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
4、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts2.2 ANSI Standard:C 29.1 Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators33. Terminology3.1 Definitio
5、ns:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C242.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Randomly selected unglazed fragments of vitreouswhiteware products are immersed in a fuchsine dye solution, atone or more pressures for prescribed times. After drying, thespecimens are b
6、roken and inspected for the extent of dyepenetration into the body, or into defects present in the body.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determin-ing if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of anyextent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, o
7、r, arbitrarily,some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use orcommercial quality of the item being tested.6. Apparatus6.1 Vessel, capable of applying and holding a pressure of10 000 psi (68.9 MPa).6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates a satisfactory device.NOTE 2Fig. 1 does not represent the only pos
8、sible design orconfiguration. It is representative of a device that has been successfullyused.6.1.2 Fig. 2 illustrates an actual device and typical ex-amples.6.1.3 Fig. 3 illustrates an assembled device, includingfixture, under pressure.7. Testing Solution7.1 Use a solution consisting of1gofbasic fu
9、chsine dyedissolved in 1 L of 50 % alcohol.NOTE 3The alcohol used should not react with the dye to causefading.8. Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 Use freshly broken fragments, approximately14 in.(6 mm) in the smallest dimension, up to34 in. (19 mm) in thelargest dimension, of the whiteware ceramic.
10、 At least 75 % ofthe surface shall be free of glaze or other surface treatment.9. Procedure9.1 Immerse the test specimens in the testing solution withinthe pressure chamber, and9.2 Apply a minimum pressure of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) fornot less than 5 h, or9.3 Apply a minimum 10 000 psi (68.9 MPa) for n
11、ot lessthan2h,or9.4 Immerse the specimens in the testing solution at atmo-spheric pressure, in an open vessel, for any period of timeappropriate to the needs of the tester.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the direct resp
12、onsibility of SubcommitteeC21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C949 80 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/C0949-80R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
13、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY
14、10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States110. Examination10.1 After following the procedures in 9.2, 9.3,or9.4, dryand break the test specimen for examination.10.2 Porosity is indicated by penetration o
15、f the dye into thespecimens to an extent visible to the unaided eye.10.3 Disregard penetration into small fissures formed inpreparing the test specimens.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Whether penetration occurred and to what depth,11.1.2 Pressure used, and11.1.3 Time under pr
16、essure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 This test method is qualitative and is liable to subjec-tive interpretation. Within a given laboratory, agreement shouldbe possible between several operators whether penetrationexceeds in-house acceptance standards.13. Keywords13.1 ceramics; porosity; whitewaresNOTE
17、 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 1 Typical Pressure Vessel for Dye Penetration TestC949 80 (2016)2FIG. 2 Typical Unassembled Pressure Vessel and SamplesFIG. 3 A Typical Assembled Pressure VesselC949 80 (2016)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connect
18、ion with any item mentioned inthis standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsibl
19、e technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful cons
20、ideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 B
21、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 80 (2016)4
