1、Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic and Magnetic Examination of Offshore Structural Fabrication and Guidelines for Qualification of TechniciansAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2XFOURTH EDITION, APRIL 2004REAFFIRMED, JUNE 2015Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic and Magnetic Examination of Offshore Structural
2、 Fabrication and Guidelines for Qualification of TechniciansUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2XFOURTH EDITION, APRIL 2004REAFFIRMED, JUNE 2015SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal l
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9、nterpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the Director of the Standards department, American Petro-leum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests fo
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11、iate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformanc
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14、American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis recommended practice is under the jurisdiction of the API subcommittee on OffshoreStructures.Changes between this edition and the 3rd edition have been marked with “change bars” inthe margin.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effo
15、rt has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingf
16、rom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to API, Standards department,1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . 12 REFERENCE
17、S. 13 DEFINITIONS . 14 PLANNING . 25QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL . 25.1 General 25.2 Examination Prerequisites. 35.3 Qualification Examinations . 35.4 Reexamination. 66 EXTENT OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION. 66.1 Time of Examination 66.2 Examination During Onshore Fabrication 66.3 Examination During Of
18、fshore Installation 67 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UT . 77.1 Applicability of Ultrasonic Examination to Offshore Structures 77.2 Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasonic Examination of Welds . 77.3 Significance of Discontinuities 97.4 Procedure Qualification and Approval 97.5 Equipment . 107.6 Pre
19、paration for Examination . 167.7 Scanning Techniques. 167.8 Discontinuity Location 217.9 Discontinuity Evaluation. 277.10 Acceptance Criteria . 337.11 Reporting. 417.12 Verification 418 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING 428.1 Applicability of Magnetic Particle Examination to Of
20、fshore Structures 428.2 Advantages and Limitations 428.3 Procedure Qualification and Approval 428.4 Equipment . 438.5 Examination Technique. 458.6 Equipment Performance Checks (Standardization) and Evaluation of System Sensitivity. 498.7 Interpretation and Evaluation of Indications . 508.8 Acceptanc
21、e Criteria . 518.9 Reporting. 51APPENDIX AEXAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR WRITTEN UT TEST 53APPENDIX BCONSTRUCTION AND UT EVALUATION OF MOCKUPSTRUCTURES 57APPENDIX CEXAMPLE OF SCORING UT PERSONNEL PERFORMANCE 59APPENDIX DEXAMPLES OF UT AND MT REPORT FORMS 63vAPPENDIX EGLOSSARY OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATIONTER
22、MINOLOGY . 69APPENDIX FBIBLIOGRAPHY OF BACKGROUND REFERENCES 77Figures1Weld Profiles Suitable for Preparation of Ultrasonic Test Plates . 42Method of Producing Incomplete Fusion “Defects” on Bevel Faces . 53Significance of Discontinuities. 94International Institutes of Welding (ITW) Ultrasonic Refer
23、ence Blocks . 135Institute of Welding (IOW) Block 146Check of Sweep Linearity 147IIW BlockDetermination of Angle Beam Transducer Index 148IIW Block Showing Determination of Transducer Beam Angles 149Determination of Beam Spread 1510Measurement of Beam Profile in the Vertical Plane. 1511Measurement o
24、f Beam Spread in the Horizontal Plane 1512Weld Root Index. 1713Weld Root Marking of Members for Installation Pile Splice Welds 1814Parameters Associated With Geometry of Pipe Intersection 1915Weld Root Examination 2016Scanning Patterns . 2017Weld Scanning 2118Transfer Correction Determination 2119Gr
25、aphical Plotting Cards Example 1 2220Graphical Plotting Cards Example 2 2321Graphical Plotting Cards Example 3 2322Graphical Plotting Cards Example 4 2423Graphical Plotting Cards Example 5 2424Graphical Plotting Cards Example 6 2525Graphical Plotting Cards Example 7 2626Graphical Plotting Cards Exam
26、ple 8 2627Circumferential Beam Path Scan 2728Skip Distance Adjustment for Circumferential Beam Path 2829Graphical Plotting Card for Circumferential Beam Path 2930Alternate Method for Determination of Skip Distance on Current Surfaces . 3031Probe Manipulation for Spherical Discontinuity 3032Probe Man
27、ipulation for Planar Discontinuity. 3033Distance Amplitude Correction 3034Beam Boundary Technique 3135Beam Boundary Plotting 3236Maximum Amplitude Technique 3437Multiple Reflectors . 3438Circumferential Direction Beam Profile. 343920-Decibel d/B Beam Boundary Method . 3440Length Measurement Comparis
28、on . 3441Weld Profile Classifications 3642Design Curves for Different Weld Profiles Curve X From API RP 2A-WSD . 3643Reference for Level “A” Examination Block . 3744Level A Acceptance Weld Quality 3845Internal Reflectors and All Other Welds. 3946Reference for Level C Examination Block. 4047Definitio
29、ns 4148T, K, and Y Root Defects 4249Longitudinal Field Produced by Electromagnetic Yoke Setup. 43vi50Radial Field Produced by “Single-Leg” Electromagnetic Setup . 4451Magnetization Plan Setups 4652Illustration of API-Recommended Magnetic Field Indicator 4653Electromagnetic Yoke Setup for Detection o
30、f Longitudinal Discontinuities. 4754Electromagnetic Yoke Setup for Detection of Transverse Discontinuities 4755Incorrect and Correct Electromagnetic Yoke Setup for T and YJoint Connections 4856Acceptable Setup for Scanning with “Single-Leg” ElectromagneticMethod . 4857Single-Leg Electromagnetic Setu
31、p for Detection of LongitudinalDiscontinuities 48A-1Question 17 Diagram. 54A-2Question 18 Diagram. 54A-3Question 19 Diagram. 55B-1Technique for Examining Welds Containing Natural Defects. 58C-1Example of Key to Placement of Reflectors in Test Plate . 60C-2Example of Typical Ultrasonic Technician Rep
32、ort of Test Results . 61C-3Graphical Evaluation of Technicians Report 62D-1Ultrasonic Examination Report Rejected Indications . 66Tables 1Recommended Maximum Time Intervals Between Recalibration and Recertification of NDE Equipment . 112Recommended Standards and Maximum Performance Check Intervals f
33、or NDE and Mechanical Measuring Equipment 123Transfer Correction Gain Adjustment . 21vii11 ScopeThis recommended practice (RP) for nondestructive exam-ination (NDE) of offshore structural fabrication and guide-lines for qualification of personnel contains guidance on NDEmethods which have evolved fr
34、om fabrication experiencewith offshore structures. These methods are commonly usedand have found acceptance due to their reliable detection ofdiscontinuities. The five NDE methods routinely used in off-shore structural fabrication are visual (VT), penetrant (PT),magnetic particle (MT), radiography (
35、RT), and ultrasonic(UT) examinations. This recommended practice primarilyaddresses the MT and UT methods. Guidance on VT, PT andRT is incorporated by reference to ANSI/AWS D1.1. Furtherrecommendations are offered for determining the qualifica-tions of personnel using MT and UT techniques. Recommen-d
36、ations are also offered for the integration of these techniquesinto a general quality control program. The interrelationshipbetween joint design, the significance of defects in welds, andthe ability of NDE personnel to detect critical-size defects isalso discussed.THIS DOCUMENT IS NEITHER A CODE NOR
37、 A SPEC-IFICATION AND SHOULD NOT BE UTILIZED AS SUCH BY THE OPERATOR.2 ReferencesThe applicable editions of non-API standards referencedherein are as follows. Only the latest editions of these stan-dards should be considered applicable, unless otherwise stated.APIRP 2A-LRFDRecommended Practice for P
38、lanning,Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore PlatformsLoad and Resistance Factor DesignRP 2A-WSDRecommended Practice for Planning,Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms Working Stress DesignANSI1/AWS2A3.0Standard Welding Terms and DefinitionsD1.1Structural Welding CodeSteelB1.10Gui
39、de for the Nondestructive Inspectionof WeldsB1.11Guide for the Visual Inspection of WeldsASNT3SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Qualificationand Certification of NDE PersonnelASTM4A 435/A 435MStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination ofSteel PlatesA 578/A 578MStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination ofPlain
40、and Clad Steel Plates for SpecialApplicationsE 587 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by the ContactMethodE 709Standard Guide for Magnetic ParticleExaminationE 1444Standard Practice for Magnetic ParticleExamination3 DefinitionsThe welding terminology used herein is defined in th
41、eAmerican Welding Society publication A3.0. Relevant ultra-sonic terminology is defined in the Glossary section,Appendix E, of this document. Other definitions of interestare tabulated in the following. For the purpose of this stan-dard, the following definitions apply:3.1 acceptance criteria:Limit
42、of shape, size, and posi-tion of discontinuities acceptable within the context of thespecific design requirements.3.2 agency personnel:Personnel employed and trainedby an independent organization, offered to the Operator on acontract basis, for assisting in the construction inspection.3.3 certificat
43、ion:Written testimony of qualification.3.4 designer:The person, firm, corporation, or other orga-nization employed by the Operator during fabrication andinstallation with responsibility for examining all details of fab-rication to ensure compliance with construction specifications.3.5 inspector:The
44、individual representing the Operatorduring fabrication and installation with responsibility forexamining all details of fabrication to ensure compliancewith construction specifications.3.6 NDE examination:An examination of materialsand fabrication by qualified personnel responsible to theinspector u
45、sing equipment for the purpose of locating andsizing discontinuities in materials or welds and reporting1America National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036.2American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33135.3American Society of Nondestructive Test
46、ing, Inc., 1711 Arlington Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518, www.asnt.org.4ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Penn-sylvania 19428-2959, www.astm.org.Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic and Magnetic Examination of Offshore Structural Fabrication and Guidelines
47、 for Qualification of Technicians2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE2X such findings to the inspector for evaluation of compliancewith the acceptance criteria.3.7 NDE examination procedure:The detailed writ-ten procedure outlining the specific examination techniquesand criteria to be utilized during the const
48、ruction of a partic-ular structure.3.8 NDE specialist:An individual with extensive expe-rience in the preparation and application of nondestructiveexamination procedures. Typically an individual classifiedby the American Society for Nondestructive Testing as aLevel III or equivalent. An NDE speciali
49、st may be certified inone or more NDE methods (that is, MT, UT, RT, and so forth).3.9 operator:The person, firm, corporation, or otherorganization employed by the owner to oversee the con-struction and/or operation of the facility.3.10 qualification:Demonstrated skill and knowledgeand documented training and experience required for per-sonnel to properly perform the duties of a specific job.4 Planning4.1These recommendations are intended to serve asguidelines for establishing a co
