1、Recommended Practice for the Design of Offshore Facilities Against Fire and Blast LoadingAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2FBFIRST EDITION, APRIL 2006REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012Recommended Practice for the Design of Offshore Facilities Against Fire and Blast LoadingUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2FBF
2、IRST EDITION, APRIL 2006REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012iv SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, cons
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10、itutev FOREWORD This recommended practice is under jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee on Offshore Structures. This Recommended Practice for the Design of Offshore Structures against Fire and Blast Loading is based on sound engineering principles and many years of experience gained by the owners, o
11、perators, designers, fabricators, suppliers, and classification/certification agencies of offshore facilities. In no case is any specific recommendation included that could not be accomplished by presently available techniques and equipment. Consideration is given in all cases to the safety of perso
12、nnel, compliance with existing regulations, and prevention of pollution. This recommended practice has been developed with the help and extensive contributions from industry experts of different areas of expertise. This recommended practice covers both fixed and floating structures that are in use b
13、y the industry as offshore oil and gas production systems. These include systems supported by column-stabilized units (semi-submersible vessels), ship-shaped vessels, Tension Leg Platforms (TLP), deep draft caisson vessels (also known as SPARs), and other hull shapes. This recommended practice provi
14、des an assessment process for the consideration of fire and blast in the design of offshore structures and includes guidance and examples for setting performance criteria. This document complements the contents of the Section 18 of API RP 2A, 21stEdition with more comprehensive guidance in design of
15、 both fixed and floating offshore structures against fire and blast loading. Guidance on the implementation of safety and environmental management practices and hazard identification, event definition and risk assessment can be found in API RP 75 51 and the API RP 14 series 52, 53. The interface wit
16、h these documents is identified and emphasized throughout, as structural engineers need to work closely with facilities engineers experienced in performing hazard analysis as described in API RP 14J 52, and with the operators safety management system as described in API RP 75 51. This recommended pr
17、actice provides general guidelines for incorporating hazard analysis output into the structural response assessment in determining whether the structure or its components meet the specified performance criteria. This recommended practice includes code provisions and associated commentary. The commen
18、tary provides design guidelines for the evaluation of structural response to fire and blast loads. Nominal blast load cases are provided for certain classes of facilities. Guidance is also provided for the calculation of fire loads. Discussion of alternative methods for the calculation of blast load
19、s, in lieu of applicable nominal load cases, is included with reference to sources of detailed guidance. The commentary also includes examples of good practice for fire and blast design including guidelines for facilities layout and structural connection detailing. Nothing contained in any API publi
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24、rtment, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,
25、 Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org. vii CONTENTS 0 DEFINITIONS. 1 1 GENERAL. 2 2 RISK ASSESSMENT 3 2.1 General. 3 2.2 Screening . 3 2.3 Nominal Loads 4 2.4 Event Based. 4 2.5 Probability of Event 5 2.6 Consequence of Event. 6 2.7 Performance Criteria . 7 2.8 Risk Assessment Process 8 3 FIRE AS
26、A LOAD CONDITION 10 4 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE ASSESSMENT AGAINST FIRE 10 5 FIRE MITIGATION 12 5.1 General. 12 5.2 Firewalls 12 5.3 Passive Fire Protection 13 6 BLAST AS A LOAD CONDITION 14 6.1 Blast Overpressure 14 6.2 Drag Loads 15 6.3 Shock and Global Reaction Loads . 15 7 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE ASSESSME
27、NT AGAINST BLAST 15 7.1 Dynamic Effects 15 7.2 Structural Assessment for Blast 15 7.3 Blast Load Levels 17 8 BLAST MITIGATION 17 8.1 Mitigation of the consequences of blast. 17 8.2 Ventilation . 18 8.3 Blast Relief Panels 18 8.4 Blast Walls. 18 9 FIRE AND BLAST INTERACTION 18 10 FLOATING STRUCTURES.
28、 18 10.1 Characteristics of Floating Structures 19 10.2 Specific Issues with Floating Structures 19 10.3 Specific Design Issues 22 11 MATERIAL. 22 12 LIMITED CONSTRUCTION GUIDANCE 22 12.1 Plating 22 12.2 Braces and Struts to Ceiling Ties . 22 12.3 Beams 22 viii 13 GOOD PRACTICE DETAILING . 23 COMMEN
29、TARY 25 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 2RISK ASSESSMENT. 25 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 3FIRE AS A LOAD CONDITION. 25 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 4STRUCTURAL RESPONSE ASSESSMENT AGAINST FIRE. 33 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 6BLAST AS A LOAD CONDITION. 36 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 7STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT AGAINST BLAST 50 COMMENTARY
30、SECTION 9FIRE AND BLAST INTERACTION 53 COMMENTARY ON SECTION 11MATERIALS 54 REFERENCES . 62 Figures 2.4-1 Risk Matrix 5 2.8-1 Risk Assessment Process 9 4-1 Process of Structural Assessment against Fire. 11 7-1 Process of Structural Assessment against Blast . 16 C.3.2.1-1 Pool Fire. 26 C.3.2.2-1 View
31、 Factor for Open and Confined Fires . 28 C.3.2.2-2 Common View Factors . 29 C.3.3-1 Jet Fire 29 C.6.3.3-1 Overpressure Duration Relationship - Hoiset 38 42 C.6.5-1 Idealized Pressure Trace for a Hydrocarbon Blast. 43 C.6.6-1 Generic Response Spectra for a Hydrocarbon Blast46 C.6.7-1 Blast in a Compa
32、rtment. 47 C.6.7-2 Drag Loading on Piping Typical Time-History 48 C.13-1 Layout Options 59 C.13-2 Blast Wall Support Details 60 C.13-3 Blast Wall Panels and Penetration Details .61 Tables 5.2-1 Performance Standard for Fire Walls by Rating (For Pool Fire) 14 10.1-1 Floating Installations Sub-systems
33、 .19 C.4.1.1-1 Maximum Allowable Temperature of Steel. 34 C.4.1.1-2 Yield Stress Reduction Factor with Maximum Member Temperature.35 C.6.3.1-1 Unmodified Nominal Overpressures by Installation Type40 C.6.3.2-1 Load Modifiers 41 C.6.4-1 Minimum Blast Overpressure from DNV 9 43 C.11.1-1 Thermal Propert
34、ies of Steel. 54 C.11.2-1 Youngs Modulus and Yield Stress Reduction Factors for Carbon Steel at ElevatedTemperature (ASTM A-36 and A-633 GR.C and D) 54 C.11.4-1 Values of D and q for Different Materials 56 C.11.4.1-2 Strain Rate for Different Stress Conditions57 C.11.4.1-3 Dynamic Strength Increase
35、Factor 39 57 C.11.6-1 Ductility Ratios for Steel Beams (y 50 ksi) 58 1 Recommended Practice for the Design of Offshore Facilities Against Fire and Blast Loading 0 Definitions Blast Relief Panel: Parts of a module wall, ceiling or roof, which are designed to increase the area of venting in an explosi
36、on by being opened or removed by the force of the explosion. Blast Wall: A structural barrier, which is designed expressly for the purpose of resisting blast loads. Blow-down: The rapid controlled or accidental depressurization of a vessel or piping network. Cellulosic Fire: A fire with a fuel sourc
37、e predominantly of cellulose (e.g. timber, paper, cotton). A fire involving these materials is relatively slow growing, although its intensity may ultimately reach or exceed that of a hydrocarbon fire. Conduction: The mode of heat transfer associated with solids. Each solid has a temperature depende
38、nt factor, which is a measure of the rate of conduction. Convection: Heat transfer associated with fluid movement around a heated body; warmer, less dense fluid rises and is replaced by cooler, denser fluid. Ductility Ratio: The ratio of the total deflection to the deflection at elastic limit. The d
39、eflection at elastic limit is the deflection at which strength behavior can be assumed to change from elastic to plastic. Emergency Shutdown System: A safety shutdown system comprising detection, signaling and logical control, valves and actuators, which can, in tandem with alarm and direct control
40、mechanisms, enable the safe and effective shutdown of plant and machinery in a controlled manner. Emmissivity: A constant used to quantify the radiation emission characteristics of a flame. Emmissivity of a perfect black body is 1. Fixed Platform: A platform extending above and supported by the sea
41、bed by means of piling, spread footings or other means with the intended purpose of remaining stationary over an extended period. Heat Flux (heat density): The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of heat flow. A convenient unit is kW m-2(1 kW m-2= 317 Btu ft-2h-1). It is a to
42、tal of heat transmitted by radiation, conduction and convection. Hydrocarbon Fire: A fire fuelled by hydrocarbon compounds, having a high flame temperature achieved almost instantaneously after ignition. A hydrocarbon fire will spread rapidly, burn fiercely and produce a high heat flux. Mass Burning
43、 Rate: The mass-burning rate of a pool fire is the mass of fuel supplied to the flame per unit time, per unit area of the pool. Units are typically kg/m2/sec. Mitigation: Mitigation actions are defined as modifications or operational procedures that reduce loads, increase capacities, or reduce expos
44、ure. Nominal Value: The value assigned to a basic variable determined on a non-statistical basis, typically from acquired experience or physical conditions ISO 32. Operator: The person, firm, corporation or other organization employed by the owners to conduct operations. PFP: Passive Fire Protection
45、 Prevention: The action that is taken to reduce the probability of an event in order to reduce the overall risk that the event poses to the platform.2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2FB Safety Critical Element: Any component part of structure, equipment, plant or system whose failure could cause a major a
46、ccident. Specific Heat: The amount of heat, measured in Joules, required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree C. Units are Joules/kg/C. Surface Emissive Power (SEP): The heat radiated outwards from a flame per unit surface area of the flame. Units are kW/m2. Survival
47、: For purposes of fire and blast consideration, survival means demonstration that at least one escape route and the temporary refuge or safe mustering area are maintained for a sufficient period of time to allow platform evacuation and emergency response procedure, in accordance with the safety phil
48、osophy defined by the owner/operator of the platform. Temporary Refuge (TR) or Safe Mustering Area: An area of the platform that will enable the occupants to survive the defined fire or blast event. The area must also be safely accessible by personnel not in the immediate vicinity of the event and p
49、rovide access to the primary escape route. Unmanned Platform: A platform upon which persons may be employed at any one time, but upon which no living accommodations or quarters are provided. Utilization Ratio: The ratio of actual stress to allowable stress. AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction API: American Petroleum Institute ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM: American Society of Testing and Materials AWS: American Welding Society ISO: International Organization for Standar
