1、Designation: E100 15E100 15aStandard Specification forASTM Hydrometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of various scale graduation sy
3、stems, as required by the ASTM Test Methods inwhich they are used.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the app
4、licability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanen
5、t Records (Withdrawn 2010)3E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM HydrometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE2251 Specification
6、 for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2ISO 1768:1975 Glass HydrometersConventional Value for the Thermal Cubic Expansion Coefficient (for Use in thePreparation of Measurement Tables for Liquids)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in Terminology E344
7、 apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ledger paper, na paper characterized by strength, high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, ink receptivity,uniformity of surface, and smoothness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOriginally, ledger paper was used especially for pen and
8、ink records. Most ledger papers are surface sized, frequently subjectedto appreciable wear, and shall have a high degree of permanence and durability.3.2.2 length of the scale, nlength of the nominal range in the stem, not including graduations extending above and below thenominal limits.1 This spec
9、ification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05 onLiquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2015. Published August 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 195
10、3. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asE100 14.E100 15. DOI: 10.1520/E0100-15.10.1520/E0100-15A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards
11、Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Bec
12、auseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100
13、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 relative density (formerly specific gravity), nratio of the mass of a given volume of material at a stated temperature tothe mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the same or different temperature.
14、 Both reference temperatures shall beexplicitly stated.3.2.3.1 DiscussionCommon reference temperatures include 60F/60F, 20C/20C, 20C/4C. The historic term specific gravity may still be found.3.2.4 specific gravity, nan historic term, replaced by relative density.3.2.4.1 Discussionhydrometers manufac
15、tured to this standard may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The two terms are bothequally acceptable in this standard and are used interchangeably.3.2.5 thermohydrometer, nglass hydrometer having an integral thermometer.3.2.6 top of the hydrometer, ntop of the finished ins
16、trument.3.2.7 total length, noverall length of the finished instrument.4. Specifications4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailed specifications in Table 1 and to the general requirements specified inSections 5 15.4.2 Hydrometers shall be subjected to the inspection criteria found in
17、Section 16 and the standardization criteria found inSection 17.4.3 Hydrometers manufactured to previous revisions of this specification shall retain the same ASTM status as those meetingcurrent specifications.4.4 At the time of purchase, scale errors shall be within the maximum scale error found in
18、Table 1.NOTE 1CautionUsers should be aware that both temperature and density indications of thermohydrometers may change with rough handling,shock, exposure to aggressive liquids, and thermal cycling, among other factors. Consequently, test results and performance obtained at the time ofmanufacture
19、may not necessarily apply throughout an extended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of these instruments, in accordance withprocedures set forth in Test Method E126 (for the hydrometer), or Test Method E77 (for the integral thermometer), is recommended5. Type5.1 Hydrometers shall be
20、 of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, except for thescale, ballast, and the thermometric liquid of thermohydrometers.5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall be symmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no uneven or unnecessarythicke
21、ning of the walls, and no abrupt changes or constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend to trap air bubbles whenthe instrument is immersed.5.3 The hydrometer shall always float with its axis vertical in liquids for which it is intended.5.4 The hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the
22、inside when sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly rounded withoutunnecessary thickening.5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free of bubbles, cracks, strain patterns, or other imperfections that might interferewith the use of the hydrometer. The glass shall adequately resist the rea
23、ction of chemical agents to which hydrometers may beexposed and shall have suitable thermal properties to permit its use over the range of temperatures to which it may be subjected.In general, glasses suitable for constructing the bulbs of thermometers are satisfactory for hydrometers.5.6 The API hy
24、drometers are intended to be used in conjunction with Test Method These hydrometers and thermohydrometersD287, hydrometer readings being corrected using Guide D1250, IP 200. Therefore, these hydrometers shall be made of glasshaving a coefficient of volumetric or cubical expansion ofshall be fabricat
25、ed from soda-lime glass tubing having a thermal cubicalexpansion coefficient of (25 +/- 2) x 10-6 approximately 0.000023/1C per C.NOTE 2The value of the thermal cubical expansion coefficient given above is consistent with the conventional value given in ISO 1768:1975.or0.0000128/1F at 15.56C (60F).6
26、. Body6.1 The preferred shapes for the bodies of hydrometers are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.E100 15a27. Ballast7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lower part of the body, and no loose material of any sort may be inside ahydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballast securely in pl
27、ace, this cement shall not soften below 105C (221F).7.2 A solid material, such a shot, may be placed in a small bulb below the main bulb of the hydrometer and then melted orsecured by cement.7.3 If steel shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shall not soften below 105C (221F).7.4 Mercury shall n
28、ot be used as ballast material in plain form hydrometers.8. Stem8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with no perceptible irregularities. It shall extend at least 15 mm above the topgraduation and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mm below the lowest graduation.(a) Plain Hydrometer (b) The
29、rmohydrometer withThermometer in Body(c) Thermohydrometer withThermometer in StemFIG. 1 Typical Hydrometers DesignsFIG. 2 Soil HydrometersE100 15a39. Scale9.1 The material for the scale is not specified. However, if paper is used, it shall only be ledger paper, meeting the specificationsin Specifica
30、tion D3290. The scale may be anchored by a design which prevents it from moving; otherwise, it shall be fixed in placewith cement that will not soften below 105C (221F) and will not deteriorate with time. The paper shall show no evidence ofscorching or charring when received or after use at 105C (22
31、1F). The scale shall be straight and without twist.10. Markings10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a permanent black marking material, such as India ink.10.2 All graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines not exceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, and in noca
32、se more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicular to the vertical axis of the hydrometer. The lengths of main division lines,subdivision lines, and intermediate lines, if used, shall be so chosen as to facilitate readings. The shortest lines shall be at least 2mm long.10.3 All numbers on API hyd
33、rometers shall be complete. The numbers for the 0.050 graduation lines on relative density(specific gravity) and density hydrometers shall include the values for the first three decimal places, for example: 0.750, 0.900,1.100; the other numbered lines may be abbreviated.10.4 Relative density (specif
34、ic gravity) hydrometers may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The twoterms are both acceptable in this standard and are used interchangeably.10.5 For cemented scales, there shall be a permanent reference mark on the stem or on the scale of the hydrometercorresponding to a d
35、esignated reference mark on the scale.NOTE 3An etched mark, visible to the naked eye, on the stem corresponding to the first nominal line on the scale or a red length of glass inside thestem ending at the top nominal line are examples of acceptable means of scale slip indicators.11. Graduation11.1 A
36、ll hydrometers shall be graduated to read correctly where the plane of the level liquid surface intersects the stem.11.2 Hydrometers indicating density shall be graduated to indicate, at the temperature marked on the scale, the density of liquidsin kilograms per cubic metre.11.3 Relative Density (sp
37、ecific gravity) hydrometers shall be graduated to indicate the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of theliquid at the stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.11.4 API hydrometers shall be graduated to give degrees of API gravity obtained
38、as follows:API Gravity,deg5141.5/relative density 60/60F!#2131.5 (1)11.5 A list of liquids suitable for comparisons of hydrometers is found in Table 2 of Practice E126.12. Thermohydrometers12.1 The thermometer shall be of the mercury-in-glass type. WarningMercury has been designated by EPA and many
39、stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products.See the applicable product Material Safety
40、 Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury containing products, or both, into yourstate may be prohibited by state law.12.2 The capillary stem shall be essentially parallel to t
41、he hydrometer axis.12.3 When the thermometer scale is located in the stem of the hydrometer, the scale shall be in red to distinguish it from thehydrometer scale.12.4 When the thermometer scale is in the stem, calibration and testing of the thermometer shall be based on immersion of thethermometer s
42、cale to the level of the mercury in the thermometer stem (total immersion).12.5 The requirements in Section 9 for the scale of the hydrometer shall apply also to the scale of the thermometer.12.6 The thermometer shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E77.13. Special Inscription13.1 There
43、 shall appear on the scale or an extension thereof, or on a suitable label cemented permanently to the inside of theinstrument, an inscription that indicates the purposeunits of the hydrometer. If necessary, this inscription should denote the liquidfor which the hydrometer is intended, the temperatu
44、re at which it is to be used, and the character of the indication.measure of thehydrometer. The thermometer of a thermohydrometer shall also comply with this requirement.E100 15a413.2 The designation of standard temperature and reference temperature may be abbreviated, for example, sp gr 60/60F, mea
45、nsthat the hydrometer indicates at 60F the relative density (specific gravity) of the liquid, referred to water at 60F asunity.inscription shall also indicate the ASTM hydrometer or thermohydrometer number, which shall include the (two-digit) yearof its designation or most recent revision, for examp
46、le: ASTM 1H-62.13.3 The inscription shall include also the hydrometer number (1H, 6H, and so forth) but not the year designation (62, and soforth); also include a unique serial number;number and the name or trademark of the manufacturer or vendor.14. Standardization14.1 Hydrometers shall be calibrat
47、ed and verified per Practice E126.14.2 When calibrations are made at three scale points, the calibration points shall include at least 80 % of the graduated intervalof the scale. Neither of the extreme points shall be farther from the nearest end of the graduated scale than a distance representedby
48、25 % of the length of the graduated scale. No two adjacent points shall be farther apart than 50 % of the length of the graduatedscale.14.3 When calibrating thermohydrometers, the thermometer in the instrument shall not be used to determine the temperatureof the bath. An ASTM Gravity Thermometer as
49、prescribed in Specifications E1 (ASTM 12C/ASTM 12F or ASTM 136C/ASTM136F) or E2251 (ASTM S12C/ASTM S12F), or an instrument of equal sensitivity and accuracy, shall be used.15. Case15.1 The hydrometer shall be supplied in suitable packaging on which shall appear the ASTM number, name, and range, asgiven in Table 1.15.2 The thermohydrometer packaging shall meet the requirements of 15.1 and shall also ensure that no mercury leakage willoccur should the thermohydrometer break in shipment or storage. Thermohydrometers shall be proper
