1、Designation: E108 11An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forFire Tests of Roof Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers the mea
3、surementof the relative fire characteristics of roof coverings undersimulated fire originating outside the building. It is applicableto roof coverings intended for installation on either combus-tible or noncombustible decks when applied as intended foruse. The following test methods are included:1.1
4、.1 Intermittent flame exposure test.1.1.2 Spread of flame test.1.1.3 Burning brand test.1.1.4 Flying brand test.1.1.5 Rain test.1.2 Three classes of fire test exposure are described:1.2.1 Class A Tests are applicable to roof coverings that areeffective against severe test exposure, afford a high deg
5、ree offire protection to the roof deck, do not slip from position, anddo not present a flying brand hazard.1.2.2 Class B Tests are applicable to roof coverings that areeffective against moderate test exposure, afford a moderatedegree of fire protection to the roof deck, do not slip fromposition, and
6、 do not present a flying brand hazard.1.2.3 Class C Tests are applicable to roof coverings that areeffective against light test exposure, afford a light degree of fireprotection to the roof deck, do not slip from position, and donot present a flying brand hazard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound u
7、nits are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under
8、 controlled laboratory conditions, but does not byitself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
9、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foo
10、t-notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD226 Specification forAsphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Usedin Roofing a
11、nd WaterproofingD227 Specification for Coal-Tar-Saturated Organic FeltUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD312 Specification for Asphalt Used in RoofingD450 Specification for Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD1227 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt Used as aProtective Coa
12、ting for RoofingD2178 Specification forAsphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD3018 Specification for Clas
13、s AAsphalt Shingles Surfacedwith Mineral GranulesD3158 Specification for Asphalt Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Used in Roofing3D3378 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and CoatedAsbestos Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing3D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced w
14、ith Mineral GranulesD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition appro
15、ved Sept. 15, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E108 - 10a. DOI:10.1520/E0108-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
16、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D444
17、4 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters2.2 UL Standards:UL 55A Materials for Built-Up Roof Coverings4UL790 Tests for Fire Resistance of Roof Covering Materi-als42.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 256 Tests of Roof Coverings53. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Definit
18、ions:3.1.1 significant lateral spreadsurface flaming beyond1-ft. from the lead edge, extending outward to both lateraledges of the test deck assembly or to both inner edges of metalbatten strips, if used, along the side edges of the test deckassembly.3.1.2 sustained flamingany flaming which continue
19、s un-interrupted for 5 seconds or more.3.1.3 prepared roof coveringproducts consisting ofshingles, tiles, panels or rolled materials that are typically usedfor high slope roof applications which are applied directly tothe roof deck (usually with one or more layers of underlaymentand with or without
20、battens) in accordance with installationinstructions supplied with the products.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test methods described herein are intended toprovide a basis for relative comparison of roof coverings. Thetest methods include simulated fire exposure to the outside ofthe roof coverings,
21、and, where applicable, a determination as towhether the fire performance characteristics of the roof cover-ings will be adversely affected by prolonged exposure to rain.4.2 These test methods measure the surface spread of flameand the ability of the roof covering material or system to resistfire pen
22、etration from the exterior to the underside of a roofdeck under the conditions of exposure.4.3 These test methods also provide criteria to determine ifthe roof covering material will develop flying burning material,identified as flying brands, when subjected to a 12-mph(5.3-m/s) wind during the simu
23、lated fire exposure tests.4.4 These test methods do not necessarily illustrate theexpected performance of roof coverings under all actual fireconditions, but they do provide a basis for comparing roofcovering materials when subjected to fire sources that aredescribed herein.4.5 These test methods do
24、 not provide any basis for deter-mining the fire resistance characteristics when exposed to a fireoriginating in the building to which the roofing material isapplied.4.6 The test methods described herein involve calibratingthe test equipment using a calibration deck inclined at a slopeof 5 in. per h
25、orizontal ft (0.416:1). The tests described hereinare performed on test decks inclined at slopes up to andincluding 5 in. per horizontal ft. The severity of the testexposure decreases as the slope of the test deck decreasesbelow 5 in. per horizontal ft.5. Apparatus and Calibration5.1 The essential e
26、lements of the fire test apparatus used fortests described in Sections 8-11 are illustrated in Fig. 1. Theyconsist of the following:(a) A test deck to which the roof-covering materials to betested are applied, mounted on a framework. The incline of theframework is to be adjustable with respect to in
27、cline (slope) aswell as the vertical position for fire testing decks with insulatedroof coverings.(b) A construction of noncombustible boards, mounted onthe front of the framework to simulate eaves and cornices.(c) A gas burner (for intermittent-flame, spread-of-flameand flying brand tests) consisti
28、ng of a 44-in. (1.12 m) length ofnominal 2 in. (2.38 in./60.3 mm OD) pipe having a12-in. (12.7mm) wide, 36-in. (0.91 m) long slot in the side toward the testdeck. The burner is to be supplied with gas at both endsthrough nominal 1-in. (1.32 in./33.4 mm OD) pipe to provideuniform gas pressure at the
29、burner assembly.(d) A blower and air duct for providing the required windconditions.(e) Adjustable fins mounted inside the air duct to straightenthe air stream and reduce turbulence.(f) A baffle mounted on the back edge of the test deck toprevent backfiring under the deck.(g) Noncombustible boards e
30、xtended from the sides andbottom of the air duct to the simulated-eaves-and-cornicesconstruction mentioned in (b) (not used during burning brand).(h) Fire calibration exposure pattern (See 5.5.5).5.1.1 During the test:5.1.1.1 Provide free outlet to outside air beyond and abovethe test apparatus to e
31、xhaust air introduced into the test roomby the blower, and5.1.1.2 Close all openings into the test room other thanthose mentioned in 5.1.1, such as doors and windows.5.2 The temperature of the air supplied by the blower shallbe maintained between 50 and 90F (10 and 32C).5.3 Fig. 2 illustrates an exa
32、mple of the essential elements ofa rain test apparatus.5.4 Calibrating Air Current:5.4.1 Set up the test apparatus for the intermittent flame testand position a bare 3-ft, 4-in. by 4-ft, 4 in. (1 m by 1.3 m)plywood, gypsum board or fiber cement board calibration deckon the framework at an incline of
33、 5 in. per horizontal ft(0.416:1).5.4.2 Measure the air velocity midway up the slope of thecalibration deck at its center and 3 in. (76 mm) from each edge.NOTE 1Any direct reading instrument with scale graduated in incre-ments of not more than 20 ft/min (6 m/min) or any timed instrument withscale gr
34、aduated (for a 1 min timed reading) in increments of not more than5 ft/min (1.5 m/min) will be suitable.5.4.3 Position the center of the air measuring device at anominal 31116 in. (94 mm) above the surface. The air flowthrough and around the instrument shall be as free andundisturbed as possible.4Av
35、ailable from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, North-brook, IL 60062.5Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,MA 02269.E108 1125.4.4 Adjust the air supply system to produce a 1 min timedaverage velocity of 1056 6 44 ft/min corresponding to12 6 0.
36、5 mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s) at each of the three locationsdetailed in 5.4.2. In order to comply with 5.5.5, it shall bepermitted to adjust the 1-min time averaged velocity at eachlocation by 65 % from the initial value within the range 1012to 1100 ft/min (5.1 to 5.5 m/s). This deviation in an individual1-
37、min timed average velocity shall only be permitted when theaverage of the 1-min timed average velocity of all threelocations is 12 6 0.5 mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s).5.5 Calibrating Flame Temperature:5.5.1 Following the calibration of the air current describedin 5.4, position a fiber cement board calibration
38、 deck, 4 ft, 4 in.(1.3 m) long on the framework at an incline of 5 in. perhorizontal ft (0.416:1).5.5.2 Measure the temperature with a No. 14BEach 214 by 12-in. (57 by 305-mm) face for 45 s; andEach 12 by 12-in. (305 by 305-mm) face again for 30 s.10.4.2 Expose Class B test brands to the flame for 4
39、 min,during which time they shall be rotated so as to present eachsurface to the flame in the following manner and sequence:Each 6 by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) face for 30 s;Each 214 by 6-in. (57 by 152-mm) face for 30 s; andEach 6 by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) face again for 30 s10.4.3 Expose Class C test b
40、rands to the flame for 2 min,during which time they shall be rotated so as to present each ofthe 112 by 112-in. (38 by 38-mm) faces to the flame for 1 min.10.5 Test Conditions:10.5.1 Class A Tests:10.5.1.1 Place a brand on the surface of each test deck at thelocation considered most vulnerable (poin
41、t of minimum cov-erage over deck joint) with respect to ignition of the deck butin no case closer than 4 in. (101 mm) from either side or 12 in.(305 mm) from the top or bottom edge of the deck. Place thebrand so that the strips in both the upper and lower layers areparallel to the direction of air f
42、low and with the upper edge ofthe brand located 3 in. (76 mm) above the horizontal joint inthe test deck. Secure to the deck by a No. 18Bthe saw kerf on the deck side of the brand is parallel to thedirection of air flow.10.5.3.1 In addition to 10.5.3, when the roof covering iscomprised of lapped cou
43、rses that are composed of loose orunfastened portions that are capable of being bent up to 90without injury to the fastenings, cut away the loose orunfastened portions and place the brand so it is not closer than12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lapped courseabove, nor closer than 2 in. (51
44、 mm) to a joint in the roofcovering material in the same course. When the roof coveringis comprised of rigid lapped courses, place the brands over ajoint in the roof covering material in the course approximately12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lapped courseabove.10.5.3.2 If the roof coveri
45、ng is applied to plywood or otherpanel type decks, place the brands so that as many of the 20brands as possible are centered over panel joints in the testdeck.10.6 Duration of TestContinue each individual test, ClassA, B, or C, until the brand is totally consumed and until allevidence of flame, glow
46、, and smoke has disappeared from boththe exposed surface of the material being tested and theunderside of the test deck, or until failure occurs but not formore than 112 h. Disregard the results of tests in which thebrands do not show progressive and substantially completeconsumption after applicati
47、on to the test deck. If brands arereplaced, do not locate in the same area as the disregardedbrand.10.7 ObservationsDuring and after the burning brandtests, observe for the appearance of sustained flaming on theunderside of the test deck, production of flaming or glowingbrands of roof covering mater
48、ial, displacement of the testsample, and the exposure or falling away of portions of the roofdeck.11. Flying Brand Test11.1 Conduct this test on a minimum of two test decks.11.2 Mount a test deck, 4 ft-4 in. (1.3 m) long in the samemanner and use luminous gas flame as described in 8.2 for theintermi
49、ttent flame test.11.3 Apply the Classes A and B test gas flame continuouslyfor 10 min. Apply the Class C test flame continuously for 4min. Maintain the 12-mph (5.4-m/s) air current until allevidence of flame, glow, and smoke has disappeared from theexposed surface of the material being tested to determine ifflying brands will be developed. On treated wood shakes thevelocity of the air current shall be increased to 18 6 0.75 mph(8.0 6 0.3 m/s) after the gas flame is extinguished.12. Rain Test12.1 Conduct this test in accordance with Method A of TestMethods D2898 on
