1、Designation: E108 161An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forFire Tests of Roof Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEReferences to Notes were corrected in 9.1 and 14
3、.2.2 in February 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers the measurementof the relative fire characteristics of roof coverings exposed tosimulated fire sources originating outside the building. It isapplicable to roof coverings intended for installation on eithercombustible or nonc
4、ombustible roof decks when applied asintended for use. The following test methods are included:1.1.1 Intermittent flame exposure test.1.1.2 Spread of flame test.1.1.3 Burning brand test.1.1.4 Flying brand test.1.1.5 Rain test.1.2 Three classes of fire test exposure are described:1.2.1 Class A Tests
5、are applicable to roof coverings that areexpected to be effective against severe fire exposure, afford ahigh degree of fire protection to the roof deck, do not slip fromposition, and are not expected to present a flying brand hazard.1.2.2 Class B Tests are applicable to roof coverings that areexpect
6、ed to be effective against moderate fire exposure, afforda moderate degree of fire protection to the roof deck, do notslip from position, and are not expected to present a flyingbrand hazard.1.2.3 Class C Tests are applicable to roof coverings that areeffective against light fire exposure, afford a
7、light degree of fireprotection to the roof deck, do not slip from position, and arenot expected to present a flying brand hazard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for info
8、rmation onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled laboratory conditions, but does not byitself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of th
9、e materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
10、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootn
11、otes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-faced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D226 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Fel
12、t Usedin Roofing and WaterproofingD227 Specification for Coal-Tar-Saturated Organic FeltUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD312 Specification for Asphalt Used in RoofingD450 Specification for Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD1227 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt Used
13、as a Pro-tective Coating for RoofingD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and are the
14、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E108 11. DOI:10.1520/E0108-16E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
15、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears
16、at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
17、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD3018 Specification for Class A Asphalt Shingles Surf
18、acedwith Mineral GranulesD3158 Specification for Asphalt Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Used in Roofing (Withdrawn 1983)3D3378 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated As-bestos Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing (Withdrawn1985)3D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and
19、 Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters2.2 UL Standards:UL 55A Materials for Built-Up Roof Coverings4UL790 Tests for Fire Re
20、sistance of Roof Covering Materi-als42.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 256 Tests of Roof Coverings (Withdrawn 2008)52.4 NIST Standards:Department of Commerce (DOC) Voluntary Product Stan-dard PS-1 Structural PlywoodDepartment of Commerce (DOC) Voluntary Product Stan-dard PS-2 Performance Standard for Wood-bas
21、edStructural-use Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant lateral spreadsurface flaming beyond1-ft. from the lead edge, extending outward to both lateraledges of the test deck assembly or to both inner edges of metalbatten strips, if used, along the side edges of the test deckassembly.3
22、.1.2 sustained flamingany flaming which continues un-interrupted for 5 seconds or more.3.1.3 prepared roof coveringproducts consisting ofshingles, tiles, panels or rolled materials that are typically usedfor high slope roof applications which are applied directly tothe roof deck (usually with one or
23、 more layers of underlaymentand with or without battens) in accordance with installationinstructions supplied with the products.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test methods described herein are intended toprovide a basis for relative comparison of roof coverings. Thetest methods include simulated fir
24、e exposure to the outside ofthe roof coverings, and, where applicable, a determination as towhether the fire performance characteristics of the roof cover-ings will be adversely affected by prolonged exposure to rain.4.2 These test methods measure the surface spread of flameand the ability of the ro
25、of covering material or system to resistfire penetration from the exterior to the underside of a roofdeck under the conditions of exposure.4.3 These test methods also provide criteria to determine ifthe roof covering material will develop flying burning material,identified as flying brands, when sub
26、jected to a 12-mph(5.3-m/s) wind during the simulated fire exposure tests.4.4 These test methods do not necessarily illustrate theexpected performance of roof coverings under all actual fireconditions, but they do provide a basis for comparing roofcovering materials when subjected to fire sources th
27、at aredescribed herein.4.5 These test methods do not provide any basis for deter-mining the fire resistance characteristics when exposed to a fireoriginating in the building to which the roofing material isapplied.4.6 The test methods described herein involve calibratingthe test equipment using a ca
28、libration deck inclined at a slopeof 5 in. per horizontal ft (0.416:1). The tests described hereinare performed on test decks inclined at slopes up to andincluding 5 in. per horizontal ft. The severity of the testexposure decreases as the slope of the test deck decreasesbelow 5 in. per horizontal ft
29、.5. Apparatus and Calibration5.1 The essential elements of the fire test apparatus used fortests described in Sections 8-11 are illustrated in Fig. 1. Theyconsist of the following:(a) A test deck to which the roof-covering materials to betested are applied, mounted on a framework. The incline of the
30、framework is to be adjustable with respect to incline (slope) aswell as the vertical position for fire testing decks with insulatedroof coverings.(b) A construction of noncombustible boards, mounted onthe front of the framework to simulate eaves and cornices.(c) A gas burner (for intermittent-flame,
31、 spread-of-flameand flying brand tests) consisting of a 44-in. (1.12 m) length ofnominal 2 in. (2.38 in./60.3 mm OD) pipe having a12-in.(12.7 mm) wide, 36-in. (0.91 m) long slot in the side towardthe test deck. The burner is to be supplied with gas at both endsthrough nominal 1-in. (1.32 in./33.4 mm
32、 OD) pipe to provideuniform gas pressure at the burner assembly.(d) A blower and air duct for providing the required windconditions.(e) Adjustable fins mounted inside the air duct to straightenthe air stream and reduce turbulence.(f) A baffle mounted on the back edge of the test deck toprevent backf
33、iring under the deck.(g) Noncombustible boards extended from the sides andbottom of the air duct to the simulated-eaves-and-cornicesconstruction mentioned in (b) (not used during burning brand).(h) Fire calibration exposure pattern (see 5.5.5).5.1.1 During the test:5.1.1.1 Provide free outlet to out
34、side air beyond and abovethe test apparatus to exhaust air introduced into the test roomby the blower, and4Available from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road,Northbrook, IL 60062.5Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,MA 02269.E108 16125.1.1.2 Clo
35、se all openings into the test room other thanthose mentioned in 5.1.1, such as doors and windows.5.2 The temperature of the air supplied by the blower shallbe maintained between 50 and 90F (10 and 32C).5.3 Fig. 2 illustrates an example of the essential elements ofa rain test apparatus.5.4 Calibratin
36、g Air Current:5.4.1 Set up the test apparatus for the intermittent flame testand position a bare 3-ft, 4-in. by 4-ft, 4 in. (1 m by 1.3 m)plywood, gypsum board or fiber cement board calibration deckon the framework at an incline of 5 in. per horizontal ft(0.416:1).5.4.2 Measure the air velocity midw
37、ay up the slope of thecalibration deck at its center and 3 in. (76 mm) from each edge.NOTE 1Any direct reading instrument with scale graduated inincrements of not more than 20 ft/min (6 m/min) or any timed instrumentwith scale graduated (for a 1 min timed reading) in increments of not morethan 5 ft/
38、min (1.5 m/min) will be suitable.5.4.3 Position the center of the air measuring device at anominal 31116 in. (94 mm) above the surface. The air flow(See Appendix X1 for metric equivalents.)FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Fire Test ApparatusFIG. 2 Rain Test ApparatusE108 1613through and around the instru
39、ment shall be as free andundisturbed as possible.5.4.4 Adjust the air supply system to produce a 1 min timedaverage velocity of 1056 6 44 ft/min corresponding to12 6 0.5 mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s) at each of the three locationsdetailed in 5.4.2. In order to comply with 5.5.5, it shall bepermitted to adjust
40、 the 1-min time averaged velocity at eachlocation by 65 % from the initial value within the range 1012to 1100 ft/min (5.1 to 5.5 m/s). This deviation in an individual1-min timed average velocity shall only be permitted when theaverage of the 1-min timed average velocity of all threelocations is 12 6
41、 0.5 mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s).5.5 Calibrating Flame Temperature:5.5.1 Following the calibration of the air current describedin 5.4, position a fiber cement board calibration deck, 4 ft, 4 in.(1.3 m) long on the framework at an incline of 5 in. perhorizontal ft (0.416:1).5.5.2 Measure the temperature with
42、 a No. 14BEach 214 by 12-in. (57 by 305-mm) face for 45 s; andEach 12 by 12-in. (305 by 305-mm) face again for 30 s.10.4.2 Expose Class B test brands to the flame for 4 min,during which time they shall be rotated so as to present eachsurface to the flame in the following manner and sequence:Each 6 b
43、y 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) face for 30 s;Each 214 by 6-in. (57 by 152-mm) face for 30 s; andEach 6 by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) face again for 30 s10.4.3 Expose Class C test brands to the flame for 2 min,during which time they shall be rotated so as to present each ofthe 112 by 112-in. (38 by 38-mm) faces
44、to the flame for 1 min.10.5 Test Conditions:10.5.1 Class A Tests:10.5.1.1 Place a brand on the surface of each test deck at thelocation considered most vulnerable (point of minimum cov-erage over deck joint) with respect to ignition of the deck butin no case closer than 4 in. (101 mm) from either si
45、de or 12 in.(305 mm) from the top or bottom edge of the deck. Place the(See Appendix X1 for metric equivalents.)FIG. 4 Brands for Classes A, B, and C TestsE108 1617brand so that the strips in both the upper and lower layers areparallel to the direction of air flow and with the upper edge ofthe brand
46、 located 3 in. (76 mm) above the horizontal joint inthe test deck. Secure to the deck by a No. 18B the saw kerf on the deck side of the brand isparallel to the direction of air flow.10.5.3.1 In addition to 10.5.3, when the roof covering iscomprised of lapped courses that are composed of loose orunfa
47、stened portions that are capable of being bent up to 90without injury to the fastenings, cut away the loose orunfastened portions and place the brand so it is not closer than12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lapped courseabove, nor closer than 2 in. (51 mm) to a joint in the roofcovering ma
48、terial in the same course. When the roof coveringis comprised of rigid lapped courses, place the brands over ajoint in the roof covering material in the course approximately12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lapped courseabove.10.5.3.2 If the roof covering is applied to plywood or otherpanel
49、 type decks, place the brands so that as many of the 20brands as possible are centered over panel joints in the testdeck.10.6 Duration of TestContinue each individual test, ClassA, B, or C, until the brand is totally consumed and until allevidence of flame, glow, and smoke has disappeared from boththe exposed surface of the material being tested and theunderside of the test deck, or until failure occurs but not formore than 112 h. Disregard the results of tests in which thebrands do not show progressive and substantially completeconsumption after applicati
