1、Designation: E 110 82 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forIndentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by PortableHardness Testers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the indentationhardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardnesstesters.1.2 This test method applies only to those portable hardnesstesters which apply the same nominal forces and use the sameindenters as are used in the methods list
4、ed in Section 2.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
5、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-als2E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and RockwellSuperficial Hardness of Metallic Materials2E 92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-rials2E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Met
6、als (RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard-ness, and Scleroscope Hardness)2NOTE 1Test Methods E 10, E 18, and E 92 will be referred to in thistest method as the “standard methods.”NOTE 2The standard methods of making the thr
7、ee hardness tests donot preclude the use of portable hardness testers. However, the machinesusually used, and considered preferable for these tests, are generallydesigned so that the magnitude of the indenting force is fixed by deadweights acting on a small piston connected to a hydraulic loading cy
8、linder,or by dead weights acting through a multiple lever system. Portablehardness testers of the types covered in this method do not employ deadweights to fix the indenting forces. This imposes certain limitations andnecessitates certain precautions, which are set forth in this test method. Allrequ
9、irements of the standard methods except those modified by thefollowing sections shall apply to the use of portable hardness testers.3. Apparatus3.1 Portable hardness testers are used principally for testingarticles that are too large or unwieldy to be tested in the usualtypes of testing machines, fo
10、r testing parts of fixed structures,or for testing under any conditions which require that theindenting force be applied in a direction other than vertical. Inorder that they may be portable and also in order that theindenting forces may be applied in any direction, these testersare designed in such
11、 a way that dead weights are not used inapplying or limiting the indenting force.3.2 The indenting force may be applied by means of ahydraulic cylinder with a pressure gage to indicate the magni-tude of the force. The hydraulic cylinder may also be equippedwith a spring-forceed relief valve to fix t
12、he magnitude of theforce. Alternatively the indenting force may be applied bymeans of a screw through a calibrated spring with a dial gageor other means of measuring the deflection of the spring toindicate the magnitude of the force.3.3 Portable hardness testers are generally provided withvarious me
13、ans of holding the indenter in contact with thesurface to be tested. The testers may be clamped to the objectto be tested, attached to an adjacent fixed object or attached tothe surface to be tested by a magnet. For testing inside a cavitythe tester may be placed against one wall of the cavity to ma
14、kea test on the opposite wall.4. Procedure4.1 Whatever means is used to hold the tester to the piecebeing tested, make sure that there is no relative motion betweenthe tester and the piece when the force is applied. This isparticularly true for the portable Rockwell type tester. Mountthe tester in s
15、uch a position that the axis of the indenter isnormal to the surface to be tested.4.2 Application of Force, Portable Brinell TestPortableBrinell testers generally apply the force by means of ahydraulic cylinder equipped with both a pressure gage and aspring forceed relief value. With this arrangemen
16、t it is notpossible to maintain the force at the point where the relief valve1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published
17、 April 2003. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 110 82 (1997)e2.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.opens for any appreciable time. Therefore
18、bring up the forceseveral times to the point where the pressure is released. It hasbeen determined that for steel, when testing with a 3000-kgfforce, three force applications are equivalent to holding theforce 15 s as required in the standard method. For othermaterials and other forces, make compari
19、son tests to determinethe number of force applications required to give resultsequivalent to the standard method. Bring the force up graduallyeach time without jerking.4.3 Application of Force, Portable Rockwell Type TestPortable Rockwell type testers generally apply the forcethrough a calibrated sp
20、ring by means of a screw and aregenerally equipped with two indicators, one a dial gage thatmeasures deflection of the spring to indicate the force, and theother a dial gage or micrometer screw to indicate the depth ofpenetration. Apply the preliminary test force as shown by theforce indicator. Set
21、the index on the depth indicator to theproper point. Then apply the total test force. Turn the loadingscrew in the opposite direction until the preliminary test forceis again indicated on the force dial. Then read the hardness onthe depth indicator as the difference between the readings at theminor
22、force before and after application of the major force.Bring the force up gradually without jerking. Exercise care notto exceed either the preliminary or the total test forces.Complete the removal of the total test force within 2 s after ithas been completely applied.4.4 Application of Force, Vickers
23、 Type TesterPortableVickers type testers generally apply the force by means of ahydraulic cylinder equipped with a pressure gage. Bring theindenter just in contact with the test surface and check the zeroreading of the pressure gage. Then bring the force up to therequired value as shown on the press
24、ure gage. Bring the forceup gradually without jerking and take care that the requiredforce is not overrun. Maintain the full force for at least 15 s,unless otherwise specified, and then release.5. Calibration of Apparatus5.1 Portable hardness testers shall be used only with appliedforces at which th
25、e force measuring device has been calibrated.5.2 Portable hardness testers shall also be checked for errorperiodically by the comparison method or by test blocks asdescribed in the standard methods.6. Precision and Bias6.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen established because of
26、 the wide variety of portablehardness testers and metals for which it is used. When required,hardness tolerances for specific applications can be empiricallyestablished for a given portable hardness test using standard-ized reference hardness blocks. The precision of a givenportable hardness test, w
27、hether involving a single operator,multiple operators, or multiple laboratories, can be establishedby employing statistical methods.6.2 BiasThe bias of a portable hardness testing machinedepends on the bias of the test force, indenter, and the deviceused to measure the indentation. Although standard
28、ized refer-ence hardness blocks are available from hardness tester manu-facturers, it is impractical to establish the bias of this testmethod because of the wide variety of portable hardness testersavailable, the many types of metallic materials tested by thismethod and the variations possible withi
29、n a test specimen. Thebias of a given portable hardness tester can be establishedempirically using such standardized reference hardness blocksby employing statistical methods.7. Keywords7.1 metallic; portable hardness testerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent r
30、ights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at a
31、ny time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments
32、will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by
33、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 110 82 (2002)2
