1、Designation: E135 13aE135 14Standard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. T
3、erms that aregenerally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are either not included or their sources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standa
4、rds organization orASTM committee are identified with the nameof the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emission spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
5、rds:2E1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Development and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials (Withdrawn 2014)3E2438 Practice for Implementing Standard
6、Performance Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials (Withdrawn 2014)32.2 ISO Standard:4ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in all standards on an
7、alytical chemistry for metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly and consistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promote clearunderstanding and interpretation of the standards in which definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncer
8、tainty, nthe maximum deviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with a finalreport value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum de
9、viation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalintralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with a finalreport value to the client.aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of a standard performance-based tes
10、t method, the target allocation ofinterlaboratory measurement uncertainty among specific components of a measurement process that contribute significantly to1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the d
11、irect responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013Feb. 15, 2014. Published January 2014August 2014. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2013 asE135 13.E135 13a. DOI: 10.1520/E0135-13A.10.1520/E0135-14.2 For referen
12、cedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on w
13、ww.astm.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous
14、 version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Intern
15、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the overall deviation. The target allocation is made by the task group and serves as guidance for interlaboratory test participantsduring method testing. E2437analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, n
16、in methods of chemical analysis, the constituent determined by a chemical measurement process. E1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the region between two electrodes in which the specimen is excited and fromwhich radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spect
17、rometry, the particular wavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determining the presenceor concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.noncapacitive ac arc,nin atomic emission spectrometry, a series of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiat
18、ingor initiated separately by another means, in which each current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from the previous one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral line resulting from radiation emitted during electron transition as anexcited
19、atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emission spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared wavelengthregions of the electromagnetic spectrum.bandpass filtersee under filter.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR,nthe standard deviation o
20、f results obtained on the same material using the samemethod in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends to minimize the effects of one or more elements on the emission ofother elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of a solid specimen
21、from which atoms were volatilized or sputtered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, or sputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy to generate spectralradiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between t
22、he response of an instrument and the amount of analyte; (2) to establisha table of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipment used to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1) the relationship betwe
23、en the response of an instrument and the amountof analyte present; (2) a table of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipment used to measure physical properties such asmass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical representation of the relationship b
24、etween the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property valuesare certified by a procedure which estab
25、lishes traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values areexpressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference material (CRM), the term standard refe
26、rence material was used in many documents of ASTMInternational. This results from the use of the term Standard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified reference materials (CRM) issuedby the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the United States government.co
27、unterelectrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the electrode in an analytical pair that does not contain the specimen beinganalyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derived property value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by a givenmeasurement procedure, that can be dist
28、inguished from the background signal at a specified confidence level. E1914E135 142DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD. An equivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym of LOD.5discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical discharges from capacitors in
29、itiated by a separate means and extinguishedwhen the voltage across the analytical gap falls to a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides a sample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and sil
30、ver bead that results from cupellation and may contain platinum group metals.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process of adjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both, in aninstrument calibration.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of two termina
31、ls between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtained on a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease in response of a photoelectric r
32、adiant energy detector caused by theaccumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuates the radiant power in a definite manner with respect to spectraldistribution.bandpass filtera filter that passes wavelengths (or frequencies) within
33、a specified range and attenuates all wavelengths (orfrequencies) outside that range.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spectral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratios withvariations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a
34、 portion of material removed from a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver to facilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to demonstrate the precision and bias of a test method. E1914interlaboratory uncertainty, n in a performance base
35、d standard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that participatinglaboratories achieved during interlaboratory studies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending witha final report value to the client. E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in or
36、 added to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectral line of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, n in a performance based standard
37、test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that a laboratoryachieves when the method is used by more than one operator. In test methods that establish maximum allowable intralaboratoryuncertainties, users must be able to demonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order to report that a giv
38、en test resultwas produced using the named method. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral line resulting from radiation emitted during electron transition as anionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energy level; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear
39、 dispersion, nthe derivative dx/d where x is the distance along the spectrum and is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analytical line and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin metho
40、ds of chemical analysis, all components of a material except the analyte. E19145 For a complete discussion, refer to L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 143method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to produce a numerical result, which are de
41、tailed in a document referred to as“the method.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM,nthe standard deviation of results on a test material obtained under conditions of minimumvariability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into a gas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emiss
42、ion, fluorescence, ormass analysis.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the process of adjusting instrument output to conform to an established conditionusing one or more homogeneous specimens or reference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis tota
43、l to 100 %, or someother total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold by selectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines: (1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation, andmaking measurements on a specified type of material
44、; and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for each measuredconstituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating several rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam of polychromaticradiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry,
45、the time interval after the initiation of a discharge during which the emittedradiation energy is not recorded for analytical purposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas is mixed withthe oxidizing gas before reaching the combus
46、tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X-rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam from the X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and set the deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position of theentrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exi
47、t slits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a precious metal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the final assay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with the tests
48、ample.radiant power, P,nthe rate at which energy is transported in a beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs per secondor watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative d/dx where is the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), na material, suffi
49、ciently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties,which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation. E1914repeatability index, r,nan estimate of the maximum difference expected for results on the same test material on different daysin the same laboratory, a difference not expected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 %probability). E1914
