1、Designation: E136 12An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-respo
3、nse test method covers the determi-nation under specified laboratory conditions of combustioncharacteristics of building materials.1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method areshown below.1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coatedmaterials.1.2.2 This test method is not
4、 suitable or satisfactory formaterials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwiseseparate from the measuring thermocouple.1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of anintrinsic property.1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitativemeasure of heat generation or combustibility;
5、 it simply servesas a test method with selected (end point) measures ofcombustibility.1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heatingtendencies of materials.1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in thenature and form used in building applications. The test speci-men consis
6、ts of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cutfrom a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses ofthin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granularpowder or loose-fiber materials.1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific testapparatus and test condit
7、ions and are likely to vary whenchanges are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size,shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution oforganic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the airsupply; (5) the location of thermocouples.1.3 This test method includes two options,
8、 both of whichuse a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials toa temperature of 750C (1382F).1.3.1 The furnace for the apparatus for Option A consists ofa ceramic tube containing an electric heating coil, and twoconcentric vertical refractory tubes.1.3.2 The furnace for the apparatus f
9、or Option B (TestMethod E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube sur-rounded by a heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes thatprovide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall n
10、ot be considered asrequirements of this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under cont
11、rolled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconduct
12、ing these tests.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
13、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE2652 Test
14、Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750C2.2 ISO Standard:31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibil-ity.Current edition approved Aug
15、. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E136 11. DOI:10.1520/E0136-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
16、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
17、59, United States.ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for Building MaterialsISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary2.3 Other Standard:BS 476 Combustibility Test of Materials33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconfli
18、ct, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a furnace to expose buildingmaterials to a temperature of 750C (1382F) until failureoccurs or for at least 30 min.4.2 This test method offers the choice of two options:Option A (Sections 6 t
19、hrough 9) and Option B (Test MethodE2652).4.3 The furnace for Option A consists of two concentricvertical refractory tubes.4.4 The furnace for Option B (Test Method E2652) consistsof an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coilwith a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.4.5 Thermocouples are u
20、sed to assess the temperature in-creases resulting from combustion of the building material.4.6 Visual observation is used to assess the occurrence offlaming.4.7 Section 15 is the report and acceptance criteria sectionfor this test method (both options).5. Significance and Use5.1 While actual buildi
21、ng fire exposure conditions are notduplicated, this test method will assist in indicating thosematerials which do not act to aid combustion or add appre-ciable heat to an ambient fire.5.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flamingand other indications of combustion.6. Apparatus for Opt
22、ion A6.1 The test apparatus shown in Fig. 1, shall be used forOption A and shall consist primarily of the following:6.1.1 Refractory TubesTwo concentric, refractory tubes,76 and 102 mm (3 and 4 in.) in inside diameter and 210 to 250mm (812 to 10 in.) in length, with axes vertical, and with heatappli
23、ed by electric heating coils outside of the larger tube. Acontrolled flow of air is admitted tangentially near the top ofthe annular space between the tubes and passes to the bottomof the inner tube. The outer tube rests on a refractory bottomand the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to
24、afforda total opening under the inner tube equal to or greater than thatof the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has aremovable plug for cleaning.6.1.2 Transparent CoverA transparent cover of heat-resistant glass or other transparent material shall be providedNOTEInch-Pound Equivalentsin. 3
25、 4 6 10 1034 1in.2No. 16 Awgmm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm21.29FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace AssemblyE136 122over the top of the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circularopening 28.7 6 0.8 mm (118 6132 in.) centered over the axisof the tubes. This opening has an area of 645 mm2(1.0 in.2).The cove
26、r shall be in two equally-sized, movable parts.6.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording deviceshall be provided. The thermocouples shall be located asfollows:6.1.3.1 Thermocouple T1is located in the center of the airspace between the two concentric, refractory tubes; approxi-mately 204 mm
27、(8 in.) down from the top of the 102-mm(4-in.) diameter tube (Note 1).6.1.3.2 Thermocouple T3is located at the approximategeometric center of the specimen.6.1.3.3 Thermocouple T4is located on the surface, incontact with the test specimen; in the same horizontal plane asT3.6.1.3.4 Thermocouples T1, T
28、3and T4shall have a timeconstant (time to reach 63.2 % of the furnace air temperature of750C (1382F) of 5 to 10 s (Note 2).NOTE 1Thermocouple T1is used for better regulation of the tempera-ture of the air in the furnace space.NOTE 2Ungrounded, metallic-sheathed thermocouples of 1-mm di-ameter have b
29、een found to meet the time constant requirements.6.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder for solid testspecimens shall be as shown in Fig. 2.6.2.1 Test specimens in granular or powder form shall becontained in thin-wall, open-top vessels of inert materialswhose outside dimensions conform to the test
30、specimen shapeand maximum size specified in 7.2. These vessels shall havewalls of either solid or mesh construction.6.3 Test Specimen LocationDuring the test, the geometriccenter of the test specimen shall be located at the geometriccenter 63mm(618 in.) of the 76-mm (3-in.) diameter tube.7. Test Spe
31、cimens for Option A7.1 The test specimens for Option A shall comply with 7.2through 7.5.7.2 All test specimens shall be 38 by 38 by 51 6 2.5 mm(1.5 by 1.5 by 2.0 6 0.1 in.).7.3 The test specimens shall be dried at 60 6 3C(140 6 5F) for not less than 24 h but no more than 48 h.7.4 Test specimens shal
32、l then be placed in a desiccator tocool at least 1 h before testing.7.5 Not less than four identical specimens shall be tested.8. Procedure for Option A8.1 The procedure for Option A shall comply with 8.2through 8.11.8.2 Test Room Setup:8.2.1 Conduct the test at room conditions of 21 6 3C(70 6 5F).8
33、.2.2 The test apparatus shall not be exposed to drafts or anyother form of direct sunlight or artificial illumination whichwould adversely affect the observation of flaming inside thefurnace.8.2.3 The room temperature shall not change by more than3C(5F) during a test.8.3 Air FlowProvide an external
34、air source to supplyclean air through a metal tube located near the top of the testapparatus, tangentially between the annular spaced ceramicFIG. 2 Specimen Holder for Solid SpecimensE136 123tubes. The air shall be supplied at a steady and controllable rateof 0.0027 m3/min (0.10 ft3/min) 6 20 %, whi
35、ch will give an airflow of 3 m (10 ft)/min past a loaded test specimen in thefurnace at 750C (1382F). Measure the air at room tempera-ture, as specified in 8.2.1 and meter by a rotameter or othermetering device in line with the metal tube.8.4 Stabilized Furnace TemperaturePrior to the initialheating
36、 period insert a thermocouple, T2, into the furnace fromthe top and place it where the geometric center of the testspecimen will be during the test. Use this thermocouple toestablish the stabilized furnace temperature.8.5 Test Furnace SetupPrepare the furnace by bringingthe temperature of thermocoup
37、le T2, located in the furnace atthe position to be occupied by the geometric center of thespecimen, to a temperature of 750 6 5.5C (1382 6 10F).Maintain the temperature in the unloaded furnace for at least 15min to ensure stability.8.6 Once the operating temperature has been established bythermocoup
38、le, T2, note the temperature on thermocouple T1and control the test chamber during the test to the observed T1temperature reading. It is acceptable to use T3as T2.8.7 Test ProcedureAs rapidly as possible, insert the testspecimen into the furnace with thermocouple T3inserted fromthe top of the test s
39、pecimen to its geometric center andthermocouple T4attached to the side surface of the testspecimen.8.7.1 Close the top cover to the 6.4-cm2(1-in.2) openingimmediately after insertion of the test specimen. Readings forthermocouples T3and T4shall be made at intervals (Note 3) notto exceed 10 s during
40、the first 5 min, and as often as necessaryafterwards to produce a smooth curve. Do not change theregulation of the current through the heating coils and the airflow during the test.NOTE 3A continuous read-out recording is preferred since it ispossible for the maximum temperature to occur between the
41、 10-sintervals.8.7.2 Continue the test until the temperatures at thermo-couples T3and T4have reached maxima, or until it is evidentthat the specimen does not pass this test.8.7.3 After 30 min of testing have elapsed, or at any timesubsequent to that, testing shall be discontinued if, over thepreviou
42、s 10 minutes, the temperature measured at the centerthermocouple T3has risen by no more than 1C in any oneminute. The final temperature reading shall be recorded as themaximum temperature.8.8 Throughout the test make and record visual observationson the test specimens, noting quality, quantity, or i
43、ntensity andduration of flaming or smoking, or both, and change of state.8.9 Note and record the time of occurrence of any flamingand the duration of such flaming in seconds.NOTE 4Flaming is sometimes difficult to identify. Some specimensexhibit only flame as a steady blue-colored luminous gas zone.
44、 Do notignore this and note it under “observations during test” in the test report.8.10 Weigh each test specimen before and after testing andrecord the weight, in g, before and after the test for each testspecimen.8.11 Record the temperatures (initial, maximum and final),in C, as measured by the app
45、ropriate thermocouples.9. Calculation for Option A9.1 The calculations for Option A shall be conducted inaccordance with 9.2 through 9.3.9.2 Calculate and record the weight loss for each of the testspecimens, expressed as a percentage of the initial weight ofthe test specimen, to the nearest 1 %.9.3
46、 Calculate and record the temperature rise, in C, foreach of the test specimens.9.3.1 Calculate the temperature rise as the difference be-tween the maximum temperature and the initial temperature, asmeasured by thermocouple, T3.10. Apparatus for Option B10.1 The apparatus used for Option B shall be
47、in accordancewith Section 6 of Test Method E2652.10.2 When the apparatus of Test Method E2652 is used toassess the behavior of building materials in accordance withTest Method E136, measurements shall be made using both ofthe optional thermocouples specified in 6.4.6 (test specimencenter thermocoupl
48、e) and 6.4.7 (test specimen surface thermo-couple) of Test Method E2652. The values shall be reported asrequired in Section 15 of Test Method E136.11. Test Specimens for Option B11.1 The test specimens used for Option B shall be inaccordance with Section 7 of Test Method E2652.12. Test Setup and Cal
49、ibration for Option B12.1 The test specimens for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 8 of Test Method E2652.13. Test Procedure for Option B13.1 The test procedure for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 9 of Test Method E2652.14. Calculations for Option B14.1 The calculations for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 10 of E2652.15. Report15.1 Report the material as passing the test if at least threeof the four test specimens tested meet the individual testspecimen criteria detailed in 15.2 or 15.3. The three testspec
