1、Designation: E136 12E136 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fi
3、re-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of combustioncharacteristics of building materials.1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.1.2.2 This test
4、 method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate fromthe measuring thermocouple.1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation o
5、r combustibility; it simply serves as a testmethod with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building applications. The t
6、est specimenconsists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets;or (3) placed in a container if composed of granular powder or loose-fiber materials.1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test appa
7、ratus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changesare made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution of organiccontent; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.1.3 This test metho
8、d includes two options, both of which use a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials to atemperature of 750C (1382F).1.3.1 The furnace for the apparatus for Option A consists of a ceramic tube containing an electric heating coil, and twoconcentric vertical refractory tubes.1.3.2 The fu
9、rnace for the apparatus for Option B (Test Method E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube surrounded bya heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excludingthose in ta
10、bles and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblie
11、s to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and proper
12、ty shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regula
13、torylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibility.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2016. Published September 2012February 2016. Originally approved in
14、 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20112012as E136 11.E136 12. DOI: 10.1520/E0136-12.10.1520/E0136-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
15、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of PlasticsD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from CoalE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of B
17、uilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750C2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for Building MaterialsISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary2.3 Other Standard:BS 476 Combustibil
18、ity Test of Materials33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in this test method, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a furnace to expose building
19、materials to a temperature of 750C (1382F) until failure occurs or forat least 30 min.4.2 This test method offers the choice of two options: Option A (Sections 6 through 9) and Option B (Test Method E2652).4.3 The furnace for Option A consists of two concentric vertical refractory tubes.4.4 The furn
20、ace for Option B (Test Method E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coil witha cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.4.5 Thermocouples are used to assess the temperature increases resulting from combustion of the building material.4.6 Visual observation is used to assess th
21、e occurrence of flaming.4.7 Section 15 is the report and acceptance criteria section for this test method (both options).5. Significance and Use5.1 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materialswhich do not act to aid com
22、bustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.5.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flaming and other indications of combustion.6. Apparatus for Option A6.1 The test apparatus shown in Fig. 1, shall be used for Option A and shall consist primarily of the following:6.1.1 Refractor
23、y TubesTwo concentric, refractory tubes, 76 and 102 mm (3 and 4 in.) in inside diameter and 210 to 250 mm(812 to 10 in.) in length, with axes vertical, and with heat applied by electric heating coils outside of the larger tube. A controlledflow of air is admitted tangentially near the top of the ann
24、ular space between the tubes and passes to the bottom of the inner tube.The outer tube rests on a refractory bottom and the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to afford a total opening underthe inner tube equal to or greater than that of the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has
25、a removable plug for cleaning.6.1.2 Transparent CoverAtransparent cover of heat-resistant glass or other transparent material shall be provided over the topof the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circular opening 28.7 6 0.8 mm (118 6 132 in.) centered over the axis of the tubes. Thisopening has a
26、n area of 645 mm2 (1.0 in.2). The cover shall be in two equally-sized, movable parts.6.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording device shall be provided. The thermocouples shall be located as follows:6.1.3.1 Thermocouple T1 is located in the center of the air space between the two concentric
27、, refractory tubes; approximately204 mm (8 in.) down from the top of the 102-mm (4-in.) diameter tube (Note 1).6.1.3.2 Thermocouple T3 is located at the approximate geometric center of the specimen.6.1.3.3 Thermocouple T4 is located on the surface, in contact with the test specimen; in the same hori
28、zontal plane as T3.6.1.3.4 Thermocouples T1 , T3 and T4 shall have a time constant (time to reach 63.2 % of the furnace air temperature of 750C(1382F) of 5 to 10 s (Note 2).NOTE 1Thermocouple T1 is used for better regulation of the temperature of the air in the furnace space.2 For referencedASTM sta
29、ndards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Fl
30、oor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E136 162NOTE 2Ungrounded, metallic-sheathed thermocouples of 1-mm diameter have been found to meet the time constant requirements.6.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder for solid test specimens shall be as shown in Fig. 2.6.2.1 Test specimens in granular o
31、r powder form shall be contained in thin-wall, open-top vessels of inert materials whoseoutside dimensions conform to the test specimen shape and maximum size specified in 7.2. These vessels shall have walls of eithersolid or mesh construction.6.3 Test Specimen LocationDuring the test, the geometric
32、 center of the test specimen shall be located at the geometric center63 mm (618 in.) of the 76-mm (3-in.) diameter tube.7. Test Specimens for Option A7.1 The test specimens for Option A shall comply with 7.2 through 7.5.7.2 All test specimens shall be 38 by 38 by 51 6 2.5 mm (1.5 by 1.5 by 2.0 6 0.1
33、 in.).7.3 The test specimens shall be dried at 60 6 3C (140 6 5F) for not less than 24 h but no more than 48 h.7.4 Test specimens shall then be placed in a desiccator to cool at least 1 h before testing.7.5 Not less than four identical specimens shall be tested.8. Procedure for Option A8.1 The proce
34、dure for Option A shall comply with 8.2 through 8.11.8.2 Test Room Setup:8.2.1 Conduct the test at room conditions of 21 6 3C (70 6 5F).8.2.2 The test apparatus shall not be exposed to drafts or any other form of direct sunlight or artificial illumination which wouldadversely affect the observation
35、of flaming inside the furnace.8.2.3 The room temperature shall not change by more than 3C(5F) during a test.NOTE 1Inch-Pound Equivalentsin. 3 4 6 10 1034 1 in.2 No. 16Awgmm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm2 1.29FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace AssemblyE136 1638.3 Air FlowProvide an external air source to su
36、pply clean air through a metal tube located near the top of the test apparatus,tangentially between the annular spaced ceramic tubes. The air shall be supplied at a steady and controllable rate of 0.0027 m3/min(0.10 ft3/min) 6 20 %, which will give an air flow of 3 m (10 ft)/min past a loaded test s
37、pecimen in the furnace at 750C (1382F).Measure the air at room temperature, as specified in 8.2.1 and meter by a rotameter or other metering device in line with the metaltube.8.4 Stabilized Furnace TemperaturePrior to the initial heating period insert a thermocouple, T2, into the furnace from the to
38、pand place it where the geometric center of the test specimen will be during the test. Use this thermocouple to establish the stabilizedfurnace temperature.8.5 Test Furnace SetupPrepare the furnace by bringing the temperature of thermocouple T2, located in the furnace at theposition to be occupied b
39、y the geometric center of the specimen, to a temperature of 750 6 5.5C (1382 6 10F). Maintain thetemperature in the unloaded furnace for at least 15 min to ensure stability.8.6 Once the operating temperature has been established by thermocouple, T2, note the temperature on thermocouple T1 andcontrol
40、 the test chamber during the test to the observed T1 temperature reading. It is acceptable to use T3 as T2.8.7 Test ProcedureAs rapidly as possible, insert the test specimen into the furnace with thermocouple T3 inserted from the topof the test specimen to its geometric center and thermocouple T4 at
41、tached to the side surface of the test specimen.8.7.1 Close the top cover to the 6.4-cm2 (1-in.2) opening immediately after insertion of the test specimen. Readings forthermocouples T3 and T4 shall be made at intervals (Note 3) not to exceed 10 s during the first 5 min, and as often as necessaryafte
42、rwards to produce a smooth curve. Do not change the regulation of the current through the heating coils and the air flow duringthe test.NOTE 3A continuous read-out recording is preferred since it is possible for the maximum temperature to occur between the 10-s intervals.8.7.2 Continue the test unti
43、l the temperatures at thermocouples T3 and T4 have reached maxima, or until it is evident that thespecimen does not pass this test.8.7.3 After 30 min of testing have elapsed, or at any time subsequent to that, testing shall be discontinued if, over the previous10 minutes, the temperature measured at
44、 the center thermocouple T3 has risen by no more than 1C in any one minute. The finaltemperature reading shall be recorded as the maximum temperature.8.8 Throughout the test make and record visual observations on the test specimens, noting quality, quantity, or intensity andduration of flaming or sm
45、oking, or both, and change of state.FIG. 2 Specimen Holder for Solid SpecimensE136 1648.9 Note and record the time of occurrence of any flaming and the duration of such flaming in seconds.NOTE 4Flaming is sometimes difficult to identify. Some specimens exhibit only flame as a steady blue-colored lum
46、inous gas zone. Do not ignorethis and note it under “observations during test” in the test report.8.10 Weigh each test specimen before and after testing and record the weight, in g, before and after the test for each testspecimen.8.11 Record the temperatures (initial, maximum and final), in C, as me
47、asured by the appropriate thermocouples.9. Calculation for Option A9.1 The calculations for Option A shall be conducted in accordance with 9.2 through 9.3.9.2 Calculate and record the weight loss for each of the test specimens, expressed as a percentage of the initial weight of thetest specimen, to
48、the nearest 1 %.9.3 Calculate and record the temperature rise, in C, for each of the test specimens.9.3.1 Calculate the temperature rise as the difference between the maximum temperature and the initial temperature, asmeasured by thermocouple, T3.10. Apparatus for Option B10.1 The apparatus used for
49、 Option B shall be in accordance with Section 6 of Test Method E2652.10.2 When the apparatus of Test Method E2652 is used to assess the behavior of building materials in accordance with TestMethod E136, measurements shall be made using both of the optional thermocouples specified in 6.4.6 (test specimen centerthermocouple)the test specimen center thermocouple specified in 6.4.5.1 of Test Method E2652 and 6.4.7 (testthe test specimensurface thermocouple) thermocouple specified in 6.4.5.2 of Test Method E2652. The values shall be repor
