1、Designation: E136 16a An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-te
3、st-response test method covers the determi-nation under specified laboratory conditions of combustioncharacteristics of building materials.1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method areshown below.1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coatedmaterials.1.2.2 This test metho
4、d is not suitable or satisfactory formaterials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwiseseparate from the measuring thermocouple.1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of anintrinsic property.1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitativemeasure of heat generation or combust
5、ibility; it simply servesas a test method with selected (end point) measures ofcombustibility.1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heatingtendencies of materials.1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in thenature and form used in building applications. The test speci-me
6、n consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cutfrom a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses ofthin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granularpowder or loose-fiber materials.1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific testapparatus and tes
7、t conditions and are likely to vary whenchanges are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size,shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution oforganic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the airsupply; (5) the location of thermocouples.1.3 This test method includes two
8、options, both of whichuse a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials toa temperature of 750C (1382F).1.3.1 The furnace for the apparatus for Option A consists ofa ceramic tube containing an electric heating coil, and twoconcentric vertical refractory tubes.1.3.2 The furnace for the app
9、aratus for Option B (TestMethod E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube sur-rounded by a heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes thatprovide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures,
10、 shall not be considered asrequirements of this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame un
11、der controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed i
12、nconducting these tests.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
13、r to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Materials1This test method is under the jurisd
14、iction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibil-ity.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E136 16. DOI:10.1520/E0136-16A.2For reference
15、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright
16、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750C2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for B
17、uilding MaterialsISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary2.3 Other Standard:BS 476 Combustibility Test of Materials33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprev
18、ail.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a furnace to expose buildingmaterials to a temperature of 750C (1382F) until failureoccurs or for at least 30 min.4.2 This test method offers the choice of two options:Option A (Sections 6 through 9) and Option B (Test MethodE2652).4.3 The furna
19、ce for Option A consists of two concentricvertical refractory tubes.4.4 The furnace for Option B (Test Method E2652) consistsof an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coilwith a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.4.5 Thermocouples are used to assess the temperature in-creases resulting from
20、 combustion of the building material.4.6 Visual observation is used to assess the occurrence offlaming.4.7 Section 15 is the report and acceptance criteria sectionfor this test method (both options).5. Significance and Use5.1 While actual building fire exposure conditions are notduplicated, this tes
21、t method will assist in indicating thosematerials which do not act to aid combustion or add appre-ciable heat to an ambient fire.5.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flamingand other indications of combustion.6. Apparatus for Option A6.1 The test apparatus shown in Fig. 1, shall be u
22、sed forOption A and shall consist primarily of the following:6.1.1 Refractory TubesTwo concentric, refractory tubes,76 and 102 mm (3 and 4 in.) in inside diameter and 210 to 250mm (812 to 10 in.) in length, with axes vertical, and with heatapplied by electric heating coils outside of the larger tube
23、. Acontrolled flow of air is admitted tangentially near the top ofthe annular space between the tubes and passes to the bottomof the inner tube. The outer tube rests on a refractory bottomand the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to afforda total opening under the inner tube equal to or
24、greater than thatof the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has aremovable plug for cleaning.6.1.2 Transparent CoverA transparent cover of heat-resistant glass or other transparent material shall be providedover the top of the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circularopening 28.7 6 0.8 mm
25、(118 6132 in.) centered over the axisof the tubes. This opening has an area of 645 mm2(1.0 in.2).The cover shall be in two equally-sized, movable parts.6.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording deviceshall be provided. The thermocouples shall be located asfollows:6.1.3.1 Thermocouple T1is l
26、ocated in the center of the airspace between the two concentric, refractory tubes; approxi-mately 204 mm (8 in.) down from the top of the 102-mm(4-in.) diameter tube (Note 1).6.1.3.2 Thermocouple T3is located at the approximategeometric center of the specimen.6.1.3.3 Thermocouple T4is located on the
27、 surface, incontact with the test specimen; in the same horizontal plane asT3.6.1.3.4 Thermocouples T1, T3and T4shall have a timeconstant (time to reach 63.2 % of the furnace air temperature of750C (1382F) of 5 to 10 s (Note 2).NOTE 1Thermocouple T1is used for better regulation of the tempera-ture o
28、f the air in the furnace space.NOTE 2Ungrounded, metallic-sheathed thermocouples of 1-mm di-ameter have been found to meet the time constant requirements.6.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder for solid testspecimens shall be as shown in Fig. 2.6.2.1 Test specimens in granular or powder form shall b
29、econtained in thin-wall, open-top vessels of inert materialswhose outside dimensions conform to the test specimen shapeand maximum size specified in 7.2. These vessels shall havewalls of either solid or mesh construction.6.3 Test Specimen LocationDuring the test, the geometriccenter of the test spec
30、imen shall be located at the geometriccenter 63mm(618 in.) of the 76-mm (3-in.) diameter tube.7. Test Specimens for Option A7.1 The test specimens for Option A shall comply with 7.2through 7.5.7.2 All test specimens shall be 38 by 38 by 51 6 2.5 mm(1.5 by 1.5 by 2.0 6 0.1 in.).7.3 The test specimens
31、 shall be dried at 60 6 3C(140 6 5F) for not less than 24 h but no more than 48 h.7.4 Test specimens shall then be placed in a desiccator tocool at least 1 h before testing.7.5 Not less than four identical specimens shall be tested.8. Procedure for Option A8.1 The procedure for Option A shall comply
32、 with 8.2through 8.11.8.2 Test Room Setup:8.2.1 Conduct the test at room conditions of 21 6 3C(70 6 5F).3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E136 16a28.2.2 The test apparatus shall not be exposed to drafts or a
33、nyother form of direct sunlight or artificial illumination whichwould adversely affect the observation of flaming inside thefurnace.8.2.3 The room temperature shall not change by more than3C(5F) during a test.8.3 Air FlowProvide an external air source to supply cleanair through a metal tube located
34、near the top of the testapparatus, tangentially between the annular spaced ceramictubes. The air shall be supplied at a steady and controllable rateof 0.0027 m3/min (0.10 ft3/min) 6 20 %, which will give an airflow of 3 m (10 ft)/min past a loaded test specimen in thefurnace at 750C (1382F). Measure
35、 the air at roomtemperature, as specified in 8.2.1 and meter by a rotameter orother metering device in line with the metal tube.8.4 Stabilized Furnace TemperaturePrior to the initialheating period insert a thermocouple, T2, into the furnace fromthe top and place it where the geometric center of the
36、testspecimen will be during the test. Use this thermocouple toestablish the stabilized furnace temperature.8.5 Test Furnace SetupPrepare the furnace by bringing thetemperature of thermocouple T2, located in the furnace at theposition to be occupied by the geometric center of thespecimen, to a temper
37、ature of 750 6 5.5C (1382 6 10F).Maintain the temperature in the unloaded furnace for at least 15min to ensure stability.8.6 Once the operating temperature has been established bythermocouple, T2, monitor and record the temperature onthermocouple T1during the test.8.7 Test ProcedureAs rapidly as pos
38、sible, insert the testspecimen into the furnace with thermocouple T3inserted fromthe top of the test specimen to its geometric center andthermocouple T4attached to the side surface of the testspecimen.8.7.1 Close the top cover to the 6.4-cm2(1-in.2) openingimmediately after insertion of the test spe
39、cimen. Readings forthermocouples T3and T4shall be made at intervals (Note 3) notto exceed 10 s during the first 5 min, and as often as necessaryafterwards to produce a smooth curve. Do not change theregulation of the current through the heating coils and the airflow during the test.NOTE 3A continuou
40、s read-out recording is preferred since it ispossible for the maximum temperature to occur between the 10-sintervals.NOTE 1Inch-Pound Equivalentsin. 3 4 6 10 1034 1in.2No. 16Awgmm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm21.29FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace AssemblyE136 16a38.7.2 Continue the test until the tempera
41、tures at thermo-couples T3and T4have reached maxima, or until it is evidentthat the specimen does not pass this test.8.7.3 After 30 min of testing have elapsed, or at any timesubsequent to that, testing shall be discontinued if, over theprevious 10 minutes, the temperature measured at the centerther
42、mocouple T3has risen by no more than 1C in any oneminute. The final temperature reading shall be recorded as themaximum temperature.8.8 Throughout the test make and record visual observationson the test specimens, noting quality, quantity, or intensity andduration of flaming or smoking, or both, and
43、 change of state.8.9 Note and record the time of occurrence of any flamingand the duration of such flaming in seconds.NOTE 4Flaming is sometimes difficult to identify. Some specimensexhibit only flame as a steady blue-colored luminous gas zone. Do notignore this and note it under “observations durin
44、g test” in the test report.8.10 Weigh each test specimen before and after testing andrecord the weight, in g, before and after the test for each testspecimen.8.11 Record the temperatures (initial, maximum and final),in C, as measured by the appropriate thermocouples.9. Calculation for Option A9.1 Th
45、e calculations for Option A shall be conducted inaccordance with 9.2 through 9.3.9.2 Calculate and record the weight loss for each of the testspecimens, expressed as a percentage of the initial weight ofthe test specimen, to the nearest 1 %.9.3 Calculate and record the temperature rise, in C, foreac
46、h of the test specimens.9.3.1 Calculate the temperature rise as the difference be-tween the maximum temperature and the initial temperature, asmeasured by thermocouple, T3.10. Apparatus for Option B10.1 The apparatus used for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 6 of Test Method E2652.10.2 Wh
47、en the apparatus of Test Method E2652 is used toassess the behavior of building materials in accordance withTest Method E136, measurements shall be made using both thetest specimen center thermocouple specified in 6.4.5.1 of TestMethod E2652 and the test specimen surface thermocouplespecified in 6.4
48、.5.2 of Test Method E2652. The values shall bereported as required in Section 15 of Test Method E136 (seealso Appendix X1.8).11. Test Specimens for Option B11.1 The test specimens used for Option B shall be inaccordance with Section 7 of Test Method E2652.12. Test Setup and Calibration for Option B1
49、2.1 The test specimens for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 8 of Test Method E2652.13. Test Procedure for Option B13.1 The test procedure for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 9 of Test Method E2652.FIG. 2 Specimen Holder for Solid SpecimensE136 16a414. Calculations for Option B14.1 The calculations for Option B shall be in accordancewith Section 10 of E2652.15. Report15.1 Report the material as passing the test if at least threeof the four test specimens tested meet the individual testspecimen criteria detailed in 1
