1、Designation: E140 12b1Standard Hardness Conversion Tables forMetals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, VickersHardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, KnoopHardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E140; the number immediately f
2、ollowing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been ap
3、proved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEEq A10.1 and Eq A10.2 were editorially corrected in August 2013.1. Scope*1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell Chardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superfic
4、ialhardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in theas-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and temperedconditions provided that they are homogeneous.1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell Bhardness range o
5、n the relationship among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superficialhardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in theas-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and temperedconditions provided
6、that they are homogeneous.1.3 Conversion Table 3 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of nickeland high-nickel alloys (nickel content over 50 %). Thesehardness conversion relationships are inten
7、ded to apply par-ticularly to the following: nickel-aluminum-silicon specimensfinished to commercial mill standards for hardness testing,covering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed totheir heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions, includ-ing their intermediate conditions.1.4
8、Conversion Table 4 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,and Rockwell superficial hardness of cartridge brass.1.5 Conversion Table 5 presents data on the relationshipbetween Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of auste-nitic stainless steel
9、 plate in the annealed condition.1.6 Conversion Table 6 presents data on the relationshipbetween Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superficial hardnessof austenitic stainless steel sheet.1.7 Conversion Table 7 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,
10、Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of copper.1.8 Conversion Table 8 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Vickershardness of alloyed white iron.1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, R
11、ockwell hardness,and Rockwell superficial hardness of wrought aluminum prod-ucts.1.10 Conversion Table 10 presents data in the Rockwell Chardness range on the relationship among Leeb (Type D)hardness, Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, and Rockwellhardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon,
12、 alloy, andtool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, andquenched and tempered conditions provided that they arehomogeneous.1.11 Many of the conversion values presented herein wereobtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data.Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the
13、 nearest0.1 or 0.5 hardness number to permit accurate reproduction ofthese curves.1.12 Annex A1-Annex A10 contain equations to convertfrom one hardness scale to another. The equations given inAnnex A1-Annex A9 were developed from the data in Tables1 to 9, respectively. The equations given in Annex A
14、10 weredeveloped at the time the Leeb hardness test was invented (seeAppendix X2). The data in Table 10 was calculated from theAnnex A10 equations.1.13 Conversion of hardness values should be used onlywhen it is impossible to test the material under the conditionsspecified, and when conversion is ma
15、de it should be done withdiscretion and under controlled conditions. Each type of1These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 201
16、2. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E140 12a. DOI:10.1520/E0140-12B.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Sta
17、tes1hardness test is subject to certain errors, but if precautions arecarefully observed, the reliability of hardness readings made oninstruments of the indentation type will be found comparable.Differences in sensitivity within the range of a given hardnessscale (for example, Rockwell B) may be gre
18、ater than betweentwo different scales or types of instruments. The conversionvalues, whether from the tables or calculated from theequations, are only approximate and may be inaccurate forspecific application.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of St
19、eelProductsE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials(Withdrawn 201
20、0)3E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness ofMaterialsE448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of MetallicMaterials3. Methods for Hardness Determinations3.1 The hardness readings used with these conversion tablesshall be determined in accordance with one of the followingASTM test metho
21、ds:3.1.1 Brinell HardnessTest Method E10.3.1.2 Rockwell HardnessTest Method E18 ScalesA, B, C,D, E, F, G, H, K, 15-N, 30-N, 45-N, 15-T, 30-T, 45-T, 15-W.3.1.3 Vickers Hardness and Knoop HardnessTest MethodE384.3.1.4 Scleroscope4HardnessPractice E448.3.1.5 Leeb HardnessTest Method A956.NOTE 1The comp
22、arative hardness test done to generate the conver-sion tables in this standard were performed in past years using ASTM testmethods in effect at the time of testing. In some cases, the standards havechanged in ways that could affect the final results. For example, currentlyboth the Rockwell and Brine
23、ll hardness standards (Test MethodE10 andE18, respectively) allow or require the use of tungsten carbide ballindenters; however, all of the ball scale Rockwell hardness tests (HRB,HR30T, etc.) and most of the Brinell hardness tests preformed to developthese tables used hardened steel ball indenters.
24、 The use of tungsten carbideballs will produce slightly different hardness results than steel balls.Therefore, the user is cautioned to consider these differences and to keepin mind the approximate nature of these conversions when applying themto the results of tests using tungsten carbide balls.4.
25、Apparatus and Reference Standards4.1 The apparatus and reference standards shall conform tothe description in Test Methods A956, E10, E18, E384, andPractice E448.5. Principle of Method of Conversion5.1 Tests have proved that even the most reliable datacannot be fitted to a single conversion relation
26、ship for allmetals. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamentalproperty but a combination of properties, and the contributionof each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. Themodulus of elasticity has been shown to influence conversionsat high hardness levels; and at low hardness
27、levels conversionsbetween hardness scales measuring depth and those measuringdiameter are likewise influenced by differences in the modulusof elasticity. Therefore separate conversion tables are necessaryfor different materials.NOTE 2Hardness conversion values for other metals based oncomparative te
28、st on similar materials having similar mechanical propertieswill be added to this standard as the need arises.6. Significance and Use6.1 The conversion values given in the tables, or calculatedby the equations given in the appendixes, should only beconsidered valid for the specific materials indicat
29、ed. This isbecause conversions can be affected by several factors, includ-ing the material alloy, grain structure, heat treatment, etc.6.2 Since the various types of hardness tests do not allmeasure the same combination of material properties, conver-sion from one hardness scale to another is only a
30、n approximateprocess. Because of the wide range of variation amongdifferent materials, it is not possible to state confidence limitsfor the errors in using a conversion chart. Even in the case ofa table established for a single material, such as the table forcartridge brass, some error is involved d
31、epending on compo-sition and methods of processing.6.3 Because of their approximate nature, conversion tablesmust be regarded as only an estimate of comparative values. Itis recommended that hardness conversions be applied primar-ily to values such as specification limits, which are establishedby ag
32、reement or mandate, and that the conversion of test databe avoided whenever possible (see Note 1).7. Reporting of Hardness Numbers7.1 Historically when reporting converted hardnessnumbers, the measured hardness and test scale were alsoreported in parentheses. This is still an acceptable practice as
33、inthe following:353 HBW 38 HRC! (1)where 353 HBW is the converted hardness value and 38HRC is the original measurement value and test scale.7.2 Other formats for reporting converted hardness values,such as data tables, may be used; however, the originalmeasurement value and test scale shall also be
34、reported andclearly identified.7.3 Since all converted hardness values must be consideredapproximate, all converted hardness numbers shall be rounded2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
35、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Registered trademark of the Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co., Inc.E140 12b12in accordance with Practice E29 and should ha
36、ve no moresignificant digits than is given for the data in the applicabletable.8. Keywords8.1 conversion; hardness scale; metallicTABLE 1 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C Hardness Range)A, BRock-well CHardnessNumber150 kgf(HRC)VickersHardnessNumber(HV)Bri
37、nell Hardness NumberCKnoopHardness,Number500-gf andOver(HK)Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness NumberSclero-scopeHard-nessNumberDRock-well CHardnessNumber150 kgf(HRC)10-mmStandardBall,3000-kgf(HBS)10-mmCarbideBall,3000-kgf(HBW)A Scale,60-kgf(HRA)D Scale,100-kgf(HRD)15-N Scale,15-k
38、gf(HR 15-N)30-N Scale,30-kgf(HR 30-N)45-N Scale,45-kgf(HR 45-N)68 940 . . 920 85.6 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97.3 6867 900 . . 895 85.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.0 6766 865 . . 870 84.5 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.7 6665 832 . (739) 846 83.9 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 90.6 6564 800 . (722) 822 83.4 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 8
39、8.5 6463 772 . (705) 799 82.8 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 86.5 6362 746 . (688) 776 82.3 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 84.5 6261 720 . (670) 754 81.8 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 82.6 6160 697 . (654) 732 81.2 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 80.8 6059 674 . 634 710 80.7 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 79.0 5958 653 . 615 690 80.1 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3
40、 77.3 5857 633 . 595 670 79.6 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 75.6 5756 613 . 577 650 79.0 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 74.0 5655 595 . 560 630 78.5 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 72.4 5554 577 . 543 612 78.0 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 70.9 5453 560 . 525 594 77.4 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 69.4 5352 544 (500) 512 576 76.8 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 6
41、7.9 5251 528 (487) 496 558 76.3 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 66.5 5150 513 (475) 481 542 75.9 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 65.1 5049 498 (464) 469 526 75.2 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 63.7 4948 484 451 455 510 74.7 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 62.4 4847 471 442 443 495 74.1 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 61.1 4746 458 432 432 480 73.6 60.0 83.5
42、 64.8 50.3 59.8 4645 446 421 421 466 73.1 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 58.5 4544 434 409 409 452 72.5 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 57.3 4443 423 400 400 438 72.0 57.7 82.0 62.2 46.7 56.1 4342 412 390 390 426 71.5 56.9 81.5 61.3 45.5 54.9 4241 402 381 381 414 70.9 56.2 80.9 60.4 44.3 53.7 4140 392 371 371 402 70.4 55.
43、4 80.4 59.5 43.1 52.6 4039 382 362 362 391 69.9 54.6 79.9 58.6 41.9 51.5 3938 372 353 353 380 69.4 53.8 79.4 57.7 40.8 50.4 3837 363 344 344 370 68.9 53.1 78.8 56.8 39.6 49.3 3736 354 336 336 360 68.4 52.3 78.3 55.9 38.4 48.2 3635 345 327 327 351 67.9 51.5 77.7 55.0 37.2 47.1 3534 336 319 319 342 67
44、.4 50.8 77.2 54.2 36.1 46.1 3433 327 311 311 334 66.8 50.0 76.6 53.3 34.9 45.1 3332 318 301 301 326 66.3 49.2 76.1 52.1 33.7 44.1 3231 310 294 294 318 65.8 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 43.1 3130 302 286 286 311 65.3 47.7 75.0 50.4 31.3 42.2 3029 294 279 279 304 64.8 47.0 74.5 49.5 30.1 41.3 2928 286 271 271
45、297 64.3 46.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 40.4 2827 279 264 264 290 63.8 45.2 73.3 47.7 27.8 39.5 2726 272 258 258 284 63.3 44.6 72.8 46.8 26.7 38.7 2625 266 253 253 278 62.8 43.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 37.8 2524 260 247 247 272 62.4 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 37.0 2423 254 243 243 266 62.0 42.1 71.0 44.0 23.1 36.3 2322 248 23
46、7 237 261 61.5 41.6 70.5 43.2 22.0 35.5 2221 243 231 231 256 61.0 40.9 69.9 42.3 20.7 34.8 2120 238 226 226 251 60.5 40.1 69.4 41.5 19.6 34.2 20AIn the table headings, force refers to total test forces.BAnnex A1 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Rockwell C hardness n
47、umbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.12 before usingconversion equations.CThe Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are outside the range recommended for Brinell hardness testing in 8.1 of Test Method E10.DThese Scleroscope hardness conversions are based on VickersScleroscope hardness rela
48、tionships developed from Vickers hardness data provided by the NationalBureau of Standards for 13 steel reference blocks, Scleroscope hardness values obtained on these blocks by the Shore Instrument and Mfg. Co., Inc., the RollManufacturers Institute, and members of this institute, and also on hardn
49、ess conversions previously published by the American Society for Metals and the RollManufacturers Institute.E140 12b13TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B Hardness Range)A, BRockwell BHardnessNumber,100-kgf(HRB)VickersHardnessNumber(HV)Brinell Hard-ness Number,3000-kgf,(HBS)Knoop Hard-ness Number,500-gf, andOver(HK)Rockwell AHardnessNumber,60-kgf,(HRA)Rockwell FHardnessNumber,60-kgf,(HRF)Rockwell Superficial Hardness NumberRockwell BHardnessNumber,100-kgf,(HRB)15-T Scale,15-kgf,(HR 15-T)30-T Scale,30-kgf,(HR 30-T)45-T
