1、Designation: E 162 08bAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant HeatEnergy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This f
3、ire-test-response standard describes the measure-ment of surface flammability of materials. It is not intended foruse as a basis of ratings for building code purposes (seeAppendix X1).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathema
4、ticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire
5、hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
6、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials, ope
7、rations, and equipment.Specific information about hazard is given in Section 7.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE84 Test Method f
8、or Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandards2.2 ISO Standards3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to the termin
9、ology contained in TerminologyE 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions givenin Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flashing, nflame fronts of 3 seconds or less induration.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAll flame fronts, however temporary,are t
10、o be taken into account.3.2.2 radiant panel index, Is, nthe radiant panel index isthe product of the flame spread factor, Fs, and the heatevolution factor, Q.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method of measuring surface flammability ofmaterials employs a radiant heat source consisting of a 12 b
11、y18-in. (305 by 457-mm) panel, in front of which an inclined 6by 18-in. (152 by 457 mm) specimen of the material is placed.The orientation of the specimen is such that ignition is forcednear its upper edge and the flame front progresses downward.4.2 A factor derived from the rate of progress of the
12、flamefront and another derived from the rate of heat liberated by thematerial under test are combined to provide a radiant panelindex.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a laboratory test procedure formeasuring and comparing the surface flammability of materialswhen exposed to a pre
13、scribed level of radiant heat energy. It isintended for use in measurements of the surface flammabilityof materials exposed to fire. The test is conducted using smallspecimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on
14、FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 162 08a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
15、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM Internati
16、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.material or assembly being evaluated. (Example: in terms oftheir thickness, layering, and any potential substrate.)5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfacesdepends upon the physical and thermal pr
17、operties of thematerial, product or assembly under test, the specimen mount-ing method and orientation, the type and level of fire or heatexposure, the availability of air, and properties of the surround-ing enclosure.45.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of
18、 laboratory fire test conditions. If differenttest conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured.Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposurecond
19、itions described in this procedure.5.4 If the test results obtained by this test method are to beconsidered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in abuilding or structure, then the example criteria, concepts andprocedures incorporated into Guide E 1546 shall be taken intoconsideration.6.
20、Apparatus6.1 The apparatus shall be as shown in Fig. 1 and includethe following:6.1.1 Radiant Panel with Air and Gas SupplyThe radiantpanel shall consist of a porous refractory material verticallymounted in a cast iron frame, exposing a radiating surface of12 by 18 in. (305 by 457 mm) and shall be c
21、apable of operatingat temperatures up to 1500F (815C). The panel shall beequipped (see Fig. 1) with a venturi-type aspirator for mixinggas and air at approximately atmospheric pressure; a centrifu-gal blower, or equivalent, to provide 100 ft3/min (50 L/s) air ata pressure of 2.8 in. of water (700 Pa
22、); an air filter to preventdust from obstructing the panel pores; a pressure regulator anda control and shut-off valve for the gas supply.6.1.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder shall con-form in shape and dimension to Fig. 2 and be constructed fromheat-resistant chromium steel. Observation marks s
23、hall be filedon the surface of the specimen holder to correspond with 3-in.(76-mm) interval lines on the specimen.6.1.3 Framework for Support of the Specimen HolderTheframework shall have two transverse rods of stainless steel,each 0.50 6 0.13 in. (12.7 6 3.3 mm) in diameter, with a stopto center th
24、e specimen holder directly in front of the radiantpanel. The support and bracing members shall be constructedfrom metal stock. Since the angle of the specimen and itsposition with respect to the panel are critical, the frameworkdimensions specifying these conditions shall be within 0.125in. (3.2 mm)
25、 of the values given in Fig. 1.6.1.4 Pilot BurnerThe pilot burner shall be a length ofstainless steel tubing approximately 8 to 9 in. (203 to 229 mm)long with nominally 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) inside diameter bynominally 0.19 in. (4.8 mm) outside diameter. As an option, toprolong the service life of the
26、pilot burner, the part of theburner that is exposed to radiant energy can be protected witha porcelain tube nominally 0.20 in. (5.2 mm) inside diameterby nominally 0.28 in. (7.14 mm) outside diameter. The burnershall be mounted horizontally and at a slight angle to theintersection of the horizontal
27、plane of the burner with the planeof the specimen. The burner shall also be capable of beingmoved out of position when not in use. The pilot shall providea 2 to 3 in. (51 to 76-mm) flame of acetylene gas premixed withair in an aspirating type fitting. The position of the burner tipshall be such that
28、 the pilot flame shall contact or shall be within0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of contacting the upper central surface of thespecimen.6.1.5 StackThe stack shall be made from nominally 0.040in. (1.0 mm) sheet steel with shape and dimensions as shownin Fig. 1. The position of the stack with respect to the specime
29、nand radiant heat panel shall also comply with the requirementsof Fig. 1.6.1.6 ThermocouplesEight thermocouples of equal resis-tance and connected in parallel shall be mounted in the stackand supported with porcelain insulators as indicated in Fig. 1and Fig. 3. The thermocouples shall be Chromel-Alu
30、mel TypeK, shielded against high heat with insulation resisting up to2190 F (1200 C), and with wire gauges in the range of 0.014 0.020 in. (0.36 0.51 mm; 30AWG-24AWG) diameter. Themean stack thermocouple temperature rise for unit heat inputrate of the calibration burner shall be determined periodica
31、llyfor the specific test apparatus, using the procedure in A1.2.6.1.7 Data Collection SystemFor collecting test data, useone of the following:6.1.7.1 Automatic Potentiometer RecorderAn automaticpotentiometer recorder in the range from 100 to 1000 F (38 to538 C) shall be installed to record the tempe
32、rature variation ofthe stack thermocouples as described in 6.1.6.6.1.7.2 Computer Data Collection SystemThe data acqui-sition system shall have the capability to record the tempera-ture output from the thermopile. The data acquisition systemshall have an accuracy of 0.01% of the maximum temperaturet
33、o be measured.6.1.7.3 Whichever system is used, it shall be capable ofrecording, or printing, data at least every 5 s for a minimum of1 h. For cases where preliminary tests indicate rapid flamespread, a system shall be used capable of acquiring data fastenough to ensure adequate results (see 12.6).6
34、.1.8 HoodA hood with exhaust blower placed over thestack is required. The blower should produce a velocity of 100ft/min (0.5 m/s) (30.5 m)/min at the top of the stack with theradiant panel not operating, or approximately 250 ft/min (1.3m/s) with the radiant panel at operating temperature. Thevelocit
35、y through the stack is not critical for flame-spreadmeasurements provided a stack thermocouple temperaturecalibration is performed (see 6.1.6 and A1.2) for the estab-lished test conditions. The hood surfaces shall clear the top and4Robertson, A. F., “Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant
36、PanelMethod,” Symposium on Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP 344, ASTM, 1962, pp.3346.Robertson, A. F., Gross, D., and Loftus, J., “A Method for Measuring SurfaceFlammability of Materials Using a Radiant Energy Source,” Proceedings, ASTM,Vol 56, 1956, pp. 14371453.Gross, D. and Loftus, J. J., “Surface Fla
37、me Propagation on Cellulosic MaterialsExposed to Thermal Radiation,” Journal of Research, NBS, Vol 67C, 1963, pp.251258.Magee, R. S. and McAlevy III, R. F., “The Mechanism of Flame Spread,”Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 2, 1971, pp. 271297.E 162 08b2sides of the stack by a minimum of 10 in. (
38、254 mm) and 7.5 in.(191 mm) respectively.6.1.9 Radiation PyrometerThe radiation pyrometer forstandardizing the thermal output of the panel shall be suitablefor viewing a circular area 10 in. (254 mm) in diameter at arange of about 4 ft (1.2 m). It shall be calibrated over theoperating black body tem
39、perature range in accordance with theprocedure described in Annex A1.6.1.9.1 Monitor and record the millivolt output of theradiation pyrometer with the data collection systems describedin 6.1.7.6.1.10 TimerThe timer shall be calibrated to read to 0.01min to record the time of events during the test.
40、7. Hazards7.1 Safeguards shall be installed in the panel fuel supplysystem to guard against a gas air fuel explosion in the testchamber. Potential safeguards include, but are not limited to,one or more of the following: a gas feed cut-off activated whenthe air supply fails; a flame sensor directed a
41、t the panel surfacethat stops fuel flow when the panel flame goes out; and a heatdetector mounted in contact with the radiant panel plenum thatis activated when the panel temperature exceeds safe limits.Manual reset is a requirement of any safeguard system used.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm0.040 1
42、.0 6 15212 13 912 24158 16 18 45778 22 1938 492134 4434 by34 19 by 19251112 by 114 38 by 32212 64 12 by 18 305 by 4572.8 71 13 by 19 330 by 4834 102 2by2by18 51 by 51 by 3.2438 111 0.050 by 2014 by 36 1.3 by 514 by 914434 121100 ft3/min = 47.21 L/sFIG. 1 Details of Construction of Test EquipmentE 16
43、2 08b37.2 The exhaust system must be so designed and operatedthat the laboratory environment is protected from smoke andgas. The operator shall be instructed on ways to minimizeexposure to combustion products by following sound safetyand industrial hygiene practices. For example, ensure that theexha
44、ust system is working properly and wear appropriateclothing including gloves, safety glasses, and breathing appa-ratus (when hazardous fumes are expected).7.3 During this test, very high heat fluxes and high tempera-tures are generated that are capable of igniting some clothingfollowing even brief e
45、xposures. Precautions shall be taken toavoid ignitions of this type.8. Test Specimens8.1 The test specimen shall be 6 by 18 in. (152 by 457 mm)by the sheet thickness, where this is less than 1 in. (25.4 mm).Materials supplied at a thickness greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm)shall be cut to 1 in. (25.4 mm)
46、 for testing. At the request of thesponsor, it is possible to test materials greater than 1 in. (25.4mm) thickness by using an oversized specimen holder.8.2 Materials intended to be applied to a substrate shall betested on that substrate.8.3 For comparison tests, or where the intended applicationof
47、a finish material is not specified, the finish material shall beprepared for test in accordance with 8.4-8.7.8.4 Sheet materials that are opaque to infrared radiation andgreater than116-in. (1.6-mm) thickness are not applied to abase.8.5 Opaque sheet materials up to116-in. (1.6-mm) thickness,and liq
48、uid films such as paints, etc. intended for application tocombustible base materials, shall be applied to14-in. (6.4-mm)thick tempered hardboard using recommended applicationprocedures. The hardboard shall have a mean flame-spreadMetric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm34 19 614 159125 758 448114 32 1818 460
49、376116 by34 by 21 1.6 by 19 by 533514 133FIG. 2 Specimen HolderE 162 08b4index of 130 to 160 based upon a minimum of four testsperformed in accordance with this method.8.6 Liquid films and other materials for application to anoncombustible base shall be applied to the smooth surface of14-in. (6.4-mm) thick inorganic reinforced cement board, usingspecified spreading rate requirements, or, in the absence ofrequirements, a minimum-coating thickness of 0.030 in. (0.76mm).NOTE 2Wherever inorganic reinforced cement board is sp
