1、Designation: E162 15E162 15a An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant HeatEnergy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scop
3、e1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes the measurement of surface flammability of materials. It is not intended for useas a basis of ratings for building code purposes (see Appendix X1).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses
4、 are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlledconditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors req
5、uired for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products,or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
6、 safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall beemployed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous
7、 materials, operations, and equipment. Specificinformation about hazard is given in Section .NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsC1288 Specification for Discrete Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Inte
8、rior Substrate SheetsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards2
9、.2 ISO Standards3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E176 andISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms S
10、pecific to This Standard:3.2.1 flashing, nflame fronts of 3 seconds or less in duration.3.2.1.1 Discussion1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved June 1, 2
11、015July 1, 2015. Published July 2015September 2015. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 20132015 asE162 13.E162 15. DOI: 10.1520/E0162-15.10.1520/E0162-15A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
12、rg. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.This document
13、is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appro
14、priate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1All flame fronts, however temporary, are to be taken into acco
15、unt.3.2.2 radiant panel index, Is, nthe radiant panel index is the product of the flame spread factor, Fs, and the heat evolutionfactor, Q.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method of measuring surface flammability of materials employs a radiant heat source consisting of a 12 by 18-in.(305 by 45
16、7-mm) panel, in front of which an inclined 6 by 18-in. (152 by 457 mm) specimen of the material is placed. Theorientation of the specimen is such that ignition is forced near its upper edge and the flame front progresses downward.4.2 A factor derived from the rate of progress of the flame front and
17、another derived from the rate of heat liberated by thematerial under test are combined to provide a radiant panel index.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a laboratory test procedure for measuring and comparing the surface flammability of materialswhen exposed to a prescribed level
18、 of radiant heat energy. It is intended for use in measurements of the surface flammability ofmaterials exposed to fire. The test is conducted using small specimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of the materialor assembly being evaluated. (Example: in terms of their thickness, lay
19、ering, and any potential substrate.)5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfaces depends upon the physical and thermal properties of the material, productor assembly under test, the specimen mounting method and orientation, the type and level of fire or heat exposure, the availabilityof a
20、ir, and properties of the surrounding enclosure.45.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory fire test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to pr
21、edict changesin the fire-test-response characteristics measured.Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions describedin this procedure.5.4 If the test results obtained by this test method are to be considered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in a buildi
22、ngor structure, then the example criteria, concepts and procedures incorporated into Guide E1546 shall be taken into consideration.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus shall be as shown in Fig. 1 and include the following:6.1.1 Radiant Panel with Air and Gas SupplyThe radiant panel shall consist of a porou
23、s refractory material vertically mountedin a cast iron frame, exposing a radiating surface of 12 by 18 in. (305 by 457 mm) and shall be capable of operating at temperaturesup to 1500F (815C). The panel shall be equipped (see Fig. 1) with a venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas and air atapproximatel
24、y atmospheric pressure; a centrifugal blower, or equivalent, capable of providing 1200 ft3/h (9.4 L/s) air at a pressureof 2.8 in. of water (700 Pa); an air filter to prevent dust from obstructing the panel pores; a pressure regulator and a control andshut-off valve for the gas supply.6.1.2 Specimen
25、 HolderThe specimen holder shall conform in shape and dimension to Fig. 2 and be constructed fromheat-resistant chromium steel. Observation marks shall be filed on the surface of the specimen holder to correspond with 3-in.(76-mm) interval lines on the specimen.6.1.3 Framework for Support of the Spe
26、cimen HolderThe framework shall have two transverse rods of stainless steel, each0.50 6 0.13 in. (12.7 6 3.3 mm) in diameter, with a stop to center the specimen holder directly in front of the radiant panel. Thesupport and bracing members shall be constructed from metal stock. Since the angle of the
27、 specimen and its position with respectto the panel are critical, the framework dimensions specifying these conditions shall be within 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) of the valuesgiven in Fig. 1.6.1.4 Pilot BurnerThe pilot burner shall be a length of stainless steel tubing approximately 8 to 9 in. (203 to 229 m
28、m) longwith nominally 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) inside diameter by nominally 0.19 in. (4.8 mm) outside diameter. As an option, to prolong theservice life of the pilot burner, the part of the burner that is exposed to radiant energy can be protected with a porcelain tubenominally 0.20 in. (5.2 mm) inside di
29、ameter by nominally 0.28 in. (7.14 mm) outside diameter. The burner shall be mountedhorizontally and at a slight angle to the intersection of the horizontal plane of the burner with the plane of the specimen. The burnershall also be capable of being moved out of position when not in use. The pilot s
30、hall provide a 2 to 3 in. (51 to 76-mm) flame ofacetylene gas premixed with air in an aspirating type fitting. The position of the burner tip shall be such that the pilot flame shallcontact or shall be within 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of contacting the upper central surface of the specimen.4 Robertson, A. F
31、., “Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant Panel Method,” Symposium on Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP 344, ASTM, 1962, pp. 3346.Robertson, A. F., Gross, D., and Loftus, J., “A Method for Measuring Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Energy Source,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 56,1956
32、, pp. 14371453.Gross, D. and Loftus, J. J., “Surface Flame Propagation on Cellulosic Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation,” Journal of Research, NBS, Vol 67C, 1963, pp. 251258.Magee, R. S. and McAlevy III, R. F., “The Mechanism of Flame Spread,” Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 2, 1971, pp. 2
33、71297.E162 15a26.1.5 StackThe stack shall be made from nominally 0.040 in. (1.0 mm) sheet steel with shape and dimensions as shown inFig. 1. The position of the stack with respect to the specimen and radiant heat panel shall also comply with the requirements ofFig. 1.6.1.6 ThermocouplesEight thermoc
34、ouples of equal resistance and connected in parallel shall be mounted in the stack andsupported with porcelain insulators as indicated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3. The thermocouples shall be Chromel-Alumel Type K, shieldedagainst high heat with insulation resisting up to 2190 F (1200 C), and with wire gaug
35、es in the range of 0.014 0.020 in. (0.36 0.51 mm; 30 AWG-24 AWG) diameter. The mean stack thermocouple temperature rise for unit heat input rate of the calibrationburner shall be determined periodically for the specific test apparatus, using the procedure in .6.1.7 Data Collection SystemFor collecti
36、ng test data, use one of the following:6.1.7.1 Automatic Potentiometer RecorderAn automatic potentiometer recorder in the range from 100 to 1000 F (38 to 538C) shall be installed to record the temperature variation of the stack thermocouples as described in 6.1.6.6.1.7.2 Computer Data Collection Sys
37、temThe data acquisition system shall have the capability to record the temperatureoutput from the thermopile. The data acquisition system shall have an accuracy of 0.01% of the maximum temperature to bemeasured.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm0.040 1.0 6 15212 13 912 24158 16 18 45778 22 1938 492134
38、44 34 by 34 19 by 192 51 112 by 114 38 by 32212 64 12 by 18 305 by 4572.8 71 13 by 19 330 by 4834 102 2 by 2 by 18 51 by 51 by 3.2438 111 0.050 by 2014 by 36 1.3 by 514 by 914434 121100 ft3/min = 47.21 L/sFIG. 1 Details of Construction of Test EquipmentE162 15a36.1.7.3 Whichever system is used, it s
39、hall be capable of recording, or printing, data at least every 5 s for a minimum of 1 h.For cases where preliminary tests indicate rapid flame spread, a system shall be used capable of acquiring data fast enough toensure adequate results (see 12.5).6.1.8 HoodAhood with exhaust blower placed over the
40、 stack is required. Before igniting the panel, but with the exhaust hoodoperating, the air flow rate through the stack needs to produce a velocity of 80 to 100 ft/min (24.4 to 30.5 m/min). Measurementsare to be made either with a hot wire anemometer after at least 30 s of insertion of the probe into
41、 the center of the stack at a distanceof 6 in. (152 mm) down from the top of the stack opening, or with a bi-directional probe or similar device at the top of the stackopening. The hot wire anemometer, bi-directional probe, or similar device, shall have an accuracy of 60.1 m/s. The velocitythrough t
42、he stack is not critical for flame-spread measurements provided a stack thermocouple temperature calibration is performed(see 6.1.6 and A1.2) for the established test conditions. The hood surfaces shall clear the top and sides of the stack by a minimumof 10 in. (254 mm) and 7.5 in. (191 mm) respecti
43、vely.6.1.8.1 In order to facilitate the insertion of the hot wire anemometer probe, a hole of adequate diameter to allow its insertionshall be pre-drilled through the hood, in the center of either of the 152-mm (6-in.) wide surfaces, so as to prevent contact of theprobe with the internal baffles. Th
44、e hole is intended to be used for insertion of the probe and shall be plugged after the air flowrate has been established, and before testing.NOTE 2Testing has shown that the air flow rate through the stack, if measured during operating conditions using a bi-directional probe or similarMetric Equiva
45、lentsin. mm in. mm34 19 614 1591 25 1758 448114 32 1818 4603 76 116 by 34 by 21 1.6 by 19 by 533514 133FIG. 2 Specimen HolderE162 15a4device, produces a velocity of approximately 250 ft/min.6.1.9 Radiation PyrometerThe radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermal output of the panel shall be su
46、itable forviewing a circular area 10 in. (254 mm) in diameter at a range of about 4 ft (1.2 m). It shall be calibrated over the operating blackbody temperature range in accordance with the procedure described in Annex A1.6.1.9.1 Monitor and record the millivolt output of the radiation pyrometer with
47、 the data collection systems described in 6.1.7.6.1.10 TimerThe timer shall be calibrated to read to 0.01 min to record the time of events during the test.7. Hazards7.1 Safeguards shall be installed in the panel fuel supply system to guard against a gas air fuel explosion in the test chamber.Potenti
48、al safeguards include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a gas feed cut-off activated when the air supplyfails; a flame sensor directed at the panel surface that stops fuel flow when the panel flame goes out; and a heat detector mountedin contact with the radiant panel plenum tha
49、t is activated when the panel temperature exceeds safe limits. Manual reset is arequirement of any safeguard system used.7.2 The exhaust system must be so designed and operated that the laboratory environment is protected from smoke and gas. Theoperator shall be instructed on ways to minimize exposure to combustion products by following sound safety and industrialhygiene practices. For example, ensure that the exhaust system is working properly and wear appropriate clothing including gloves,safety glasses, and breathing
