1、Designation: E162 15b An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant HeatEnergy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is fire-test-response standard describes the measure-ment of surface flammability of materials. It is not intended foruse as a basis of ratings for building code purposes (seeAppendix X1).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mat
4、hematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for f
5、ire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
6、 health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials,
7、 operations, and equipment.Specific information about hazard is given in Section .NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsC1288 Specification for Discrete Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Interior Substr
8、ate SheetsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandards2.2 ISO Standar
9、ds3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions givenin Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
10、Standard:3.2.1 flashing, nflame fronts of 3 seconds or less induration.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAll flame fronts, however temporary,are to be taken into account.3.2.2 radiant panel index, Is,nthe radiant panel index isthe product of the flame spread factor, Fs, and the heatevolution factor, Q.4. Summary of
11、 Test Method4.1 This test method of measuring surface flammability ofmaterials employs a radiant heat source consisting of a 12 by18-in. (305 by 457-mm) panel, in front of which an inclined 6by 18-in. (152 by 457 mm) specimen of the material is placed.The orientation of the specimen is such that ign
12、ition is forcednear its upper edge and the flame front progresses downward.4.2 A factor derived from the rate of progress of the flamefront and another derived from the rate of heat liberated by thematerial under test are combined to provide a radiant panelindex.1This test method is under the jurisd
13、iction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E162 15a. DOI:10.1520/E0162-15B.2For reference
14、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch
15、. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a laboratory test procedure formeasuring and c
16、omparing the surface flammability of materialswhen exposed to a prescribed level of radiant heat energy. It isintended for use in measurements of the surface flammabilityof materials exposed to fire. The test is conducted using smallspecimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of thema
17、terial or assembly being evaluated. (Example: in terms oftheir thickness, layering, and any potential substrate.)5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfacesdepends upon the physical and thermal properties of thematerial, product or assembly under test, the specimen mount-ing method and o
18、rientation, the type and level of fire or heatexposure, the availability of air, and properties of the surround-ing enclosure.45.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory fire test conditions. If differenttest conditions are substituted or the end-use
19、 conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured.Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposureconditions described in this procedure.5.4 If the test results obtained by this test method are
20、to beconsidered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in abuilding or structure, then the example criteria, concepts andprocedures incorporated into Guide E1546 shall be taken intoconsideration.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus shall be as shown in Fig. 1 and includethe following:6.1.1 Radiant
21、 Panel with Air and Gas SupplyThe radiantpanel shall consist of a porous refractory material verticallymounted in a cast iron frame, exposing a radiating surface of12 by 18 in. (305 by 457 mm) and shall be capable of operatingat temperatures up to 1500F (815C). The panel shall beequipped (see Fig. 1
22、) with a venturi-type aspirator for mixinggas and air at approximately atmospheric pressure; a centrifu-gal blower, or equivalent, capable of providing 1200 ft3/h (9.4L/s) air at a pressure of 2.8 in. of water (700 Pa); an air filterto prevent dust from obstructing the panel pores; a pressureregulat
23、or and a control and shut-off valve for the gas supply.6.1.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder shall con-form in shape and dimension to Fig. 2 and be constructed fromheat-resistant chromium steel. Observation marks shall be filedon the surface of the specimen holder to correspond with 3-in.(76-mm)
24、interval lines on the specimen.6.1.3 Framework for Support of the Specimen HolderTheframework shall have two transverse rods of stainless steel,each 0.50 6 0.13 in. (12.7 6 3.3 mm) in diameter, with a stopto center the specimen holder directly in front of the radiantpanel. The support and bracing me
25、mbers shall be constructedfrom metal stock. Since the angle of the specimen and itsposition with respect to the panel are critical, the frameworkdimensions specifying these conditions shall be within 0.125in. (3.2 mm) of the values given in Fig. 1.6.1.4 Pilot BurnerThe pilot burner shall be a length
26、 ofstainless steel tubing approximately 8 to 9 in. (203 to 229 mm)long with nominally 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) inside diameter bynominally 0.19 in. (4.8 mm) outside diameter. As an option, toprolong the service life of the pilot burner, the part of theburner that is exposed to radiant energy can be protec
27、ted witha porcelain tube nominally 0.20 in. (5.2 mm) inside diameterby nominally 0.28 in. (7.14 mm) outside diameter. The burnershall be mounted horizontally and at a slight angle to theintersection of the horizontal plane of the burner with the planeof the specimen. The burner shall also be capable
28、 of beingmoved out of position when not in use. The pilot shall providea 2 to 3 in. (51 to 76-mm) flame of acetylene gas premixed withair in an aspirating type fitting. The position of the burner tipshall be such that the pilot flame shall contact or shall be within0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of contacting th
29、e upper central surface of thespecimen.6.1.5 StackThe stack shall be made from nominally 0.040in. (1.0 mm) sheet steel with shape and dimensions as shownin Fig. 1. The position of the stack with respect to the specimenand radiant heat panel shall also comply with the requirementsof Fig. 1.6.1.6 Ther
30、mocouplesEight thermocouples of equal resis-tance and connected in parallel shall be mounted in the stackand supported with porcelain insulators as indicated in Fig. 1and Fig. 3. The thermocouples shall be Chromel-Alumel TypeK, shielded against high heat with insulation resisting up to2190 F (1200 C
31、), and with wire gauges in the range of 0.014 0.020 in. (0.36 0.51 mm; 30AWG-24AWG) diameter. Themean stack thermocouple temperature rise for unit heat inputrate of the calibration burner shall be determined periodicallyfor the specific test apparatus, using the procedure in .6.1.7 Data Collection S
32、ystemFor collecting test data, useone of the following:6.1.7.1 Automatic Potentiometer RecorderAn automaticpotentiometer recorder in the range from 100 to 1000 F (38 to538 C) shall be installed to record the temperature variation ofthe stack thermocouples as described in 6.1.6.6.1.7.2 Computer Data
33、Collection SystemThe data acqui-sition system shall have the capability to record the tempera-ture output from the thermopile. The data acquisition systemshall have an accuracy of 0.01% of the maximum temperatureto be measured.6.1.7.3 Whichever system is used, it shall be capable ofrecording, or pri
34、nting, data at least every 5 s for a minimum of1 h. For cases where preliminary tests indicate rapid flamespread, a system shall be used capable of acquiring data fastenough to ensure adequate results (see 12.5).4Robertson, A. F., “Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant PanelMethod,” Sympo
35、sium on Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP 344, ASTM, 1962, pp.3346.Robertson, A. F., Gross, D., and Loftus, J., “A Method for Measuring SurfaceFlammability of Materials Using a Radiant Energy Source,” Proceedings, ASTM,Vol 56, 1956, pp. 14371453.Gross, D. and Loftus, J. J., “Surface Flame Propagation on C
36、ellulosic MaterialsExposed to Thermal Radiation,” Journal of Research, NBS, Vol 67C, 1963, pp.251258.Magee, R. S. and McAlevy III, R. F., “The Mechanism of Flame Spread,”Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 2, 1971, pp. 271297.E162 15b26.1.8 HoodA hood with exhaust blower placed over thestack is re
37、quired. Before igniting the panel, but with theexhaust hood operating, the air flow rate through the stackneeds to produce a velocity of 80 to 100 ft/min (24.4 to 30.5m/min). Measurements are to be made either with a hot wireanemometer after at least 30 s of insertion of the probe into thecenter of
38、the stack at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) down fromthe top of the stack opening, or with a bi-directional probe orsimilar device at the top of the stack opening. The hot wireanemometer, bi-directional probe, or similar device, shall havean accuracy of 60.1 m/s. The velocity through the stack is notc
39、ritical for flame-spread measurements provided a stack ther-mocouple temperature calibration is performed (see 6.1.6 andA1.2) for the established test conditions. The hood surfacesshall clear the top and sides of the stack by a minimum of 10in. (254 mm) and 7.5 in. (191 mm) respectively.6.1.8.1 In o
40、rder to facilitate the insertion of the hot wireanemometer probe, a hole of adequate diameter to allow itsinsertion shall be pre-drilled through the hood, in the center ofeither of the 152-mm (6-in.) wide surfaces, so as to preventcontact of the probe with the internal baffles. The hole isintended t
41、o be used for insertion of the probe and shall beplugged after the air flow rate has been established, and beforetesting.NOTE 2Testing has shown that the air flow rate through the stack, ifmeasured during operating conditions using a bi-directional probe orsimilar device, produces a velocity of appr
42、oximately 250 ft/min.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm0.040 1.0 6 15212 13 912 24158 16 18 45778 22 1938 492134 4434 by34 19 by 19251112 by 114 38 by 32212 64 12 by 18 305 by 4572.8 71 13 by 19 330 by 4834 102 2by2by18 51 by 51 by 3.2438 111 0.050 by 2014 by 36 1.3 by 514 by 914434 121100 ft3/min = 47
43、.21 L/sFIG. 1 Details of Construction of Test EquipmentE162 15b36.1.9 Radiation PyrometerThe radiation pyrometer forstandardizing the thermal output of the panel shall be suitablefor viewing a circular area 10 in. (254 mm) in diameter at arange of about 4 ft (1.2 m). It shall be calibrated over theo
44、perating black body temperature range in accordance with theprocedure described in Annex A1.6.1.9.1 Monitor and record the millivolt output of theradiation pyrometer with the data collection systems describedin 6.1.7.6.1.10 TimerThe timer shall be calibrated to read to 0.01min to record the time of
45、events during the test.7. Hazards7.1 Safeguards shall be installed in the panel fuel supplysystem to guard against a gas air fuel explosion in the testchamber. Potential safeguards include, but are not limited to,one or more of the following: a gas feed cut-off activated whenthe air supply fails; a
46、flame sensor directed at the panel surfacethat stops fuel flow when the panel flame goes out; and a heatdetector mounted in contact with the radiant panel plenum thatis activated when the panel temperature exceeds safe limits.Manual reset is a requirement of any safeguard system used.Metric Equivale
47、ntsin. mm in. mm34 19 614 159125 758 448114 32 1818 460376116 by34 by 21 1.6 by 19 by 533514 133FIG. 2 Specimen HolderE162 15b47.2 The exhaust system must be so designed and operatedthat the laboratory environment is protected from smoke andgas. The operator shall be instructed on ways to minimizeex
48、posure to combustion products by following sound safetyand industrial hygiene practices. For example, ensure that theexhaust system is working properly and wear appropriateclothing including gloves, safety glasses, and breathing appa-ratus (when hazardous fumes are expected).7.3 During this test, ve
49、ry high heat fluxes and high tempera-tures are generated that are capable of igniting some clothingfollowing even brief exposures. Precautions shall be taken toavoid ignitions of this type.8. Test Specimens8.1 The test specimen shall be 6 by 18 in. (152 by 457 mm)by the sheet thickness, where this is less than 1 in. (25.4 mm).Materials supplied at a thickness greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm)shall be cut to 1 in. (25.4 mm) for testing. At the request of thesponsor, it is possible to test materials greater than 1 in. (25.4mm) thi
