1、Designation: E 164 08Standard Practice forContact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonicA-scanexamination
3、 of specific weld configurations joining wroughtferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld disconti-nuities (Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves isspecified. Manual techniques are described employing contactof the search unit through a couplant film or water column.1.2 This pra
4、ctice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, orboth, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Prac-tices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot weldsare not included. The practice is intended to be used onthicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).NOTE 1This practice is bas
5、ed on experience with ferrous and alumi-num alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practiceprovided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate that theparticular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by anultrasonic beam.NOTE 2For additional pertinent infor
6、mation see Practice E 317,Terminology E 1316, and Practice E 587.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard do
7、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
8、ndards:2E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination bythe
9、Contact MethodE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Document:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing32.3 ANSI/ASNT Standard:ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification andCertification of Nondestructive Testing Per
10、sonnel32.4 ISO Standard:ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipmentfor Ultrasonic Examination42.5 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel53. Significance and Use3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of weldsdescribed in this pract
11、ice are intended to provide a means ofweld examination for both internal and surface discontinuitieswithin the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice islimited to the examination of specific weld geometries inwrought or forged material.3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weldexam
12、ination for internal and surface discontinuities and arewell suited to the task of in-process quality control. Thepractice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuitiesthat present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam.Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porositya
13、nd slag inclusions must be critically evaluated.3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis ofacceptance of welds, there should be agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific referencestandards and limits to be used. Examples of reference stan-dards are given in Sec
14、tion 7. A detailed procedure for weld1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1960. Last prev
15、ious edition approved in 2003 as E 164 - 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from T
16、heAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wil
17、son Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.examination describing allowable discontinuity limits shouldbe written and agreed upon.4. Basis of Application
18、4.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.4.1.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contrac-tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to thisstandard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally orinterna
19、tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac-tice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, RecommendedPractice SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document andcertified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe identified
20、in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.4.1.2 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf speci-fied in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in E 543. The applicableedition of E 543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.4.1.3 Pro
21、cedures and TechniquesThe procedures andtechniques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractualagreement.4.1.4 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 78.1.2 unlessotherwise specified.4.1.5 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinati
22、onshall be after weld completion and surface preparation andwhen the surface temperature has reached ambient temperatureunless otherwise specified.4.1.6 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examinationshall be in accordance with Table 2 unless otherwise specified.4.1.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Cr
23、iteriaReportingcriteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with121 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria arenot specified in this standard, they shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.4.1.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/rewo
24、rked items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.5. Search Units5.1 Angle-Beam requirements for angle-beam search unitsare determined by the test variables. The examination proce-dure should be established by taking into consideration vari-
25、ables such as weld thickness, available surface, maximumallowable flaw size, flaw orientation, and the acoustic proper-ties of the material. Consideration should also be given to thedesirability of using comparable wave lengths within thematerials where both a longitudinal-wave examination and anang
26、le-beam shear-wave examination are employed. This can beaccomplished by conducting the straight-beam (longitudinal-wave) examination at approximately two times the frequencyof the angle-beam (shear-wave) examination.5.2 Frequencies of 1.0 to 5 MHz are generally employed forangle-beam (shear-wave) an
27、d for straight-beam (longitudinal-wave) examination.5.3 Transducer sizes recommended for weld examinationrange from a minimum of14-in. (6.4-mm) diameter or14-in.square to 1 in. (25.4 mm) square or 118-in. (28.6-mm)diameter.6. Standardization6.1 Two methods of angle-beam standardization are ingeneral
28、 use: the polar, and the rectangular, coordinate methods.6.1.1 The polar coordinate method requires measurementsof the beam centerline at the search unit/work interface and thebeam angle in a reference block, and the instrument sweep isstandardized along the beam line. Test information is graphi-cal
29、ly converted into position and depth coordinates for reflectorlocation. The polar method is detailed in Annex A1.6.1.2 The rectangular coordinate method requires measure-ment of the position of the reflector from the front of the searchunit, and the instrument sweep is standardized for depth to ther
30、eflector as it is moved to different positions in the beamproviding a distance-amplitude curve. Test information is readdirectly for position and depth to the reflector. The rectangularcoordinate method is detailed in Annex A2.7. Reference Standards7.1 IIW-type reference blocks are a class of refere
31、nce blocksfor checking and standardizing ultrasonic instrumentation,which meet the basic geometrical configuration described inISO 2400 but which may deviate in such aspects as non-metricdimensioning, alternate materials, additional reflectors, anddifferences of scale details. IIW-type blocks are pr
32、imarilyintended for characterizing and calibrating angle-beam sys-tems, but also provide features for such uses as straight-beamresolution and sensitivity checks.NOTE 3Discussion of the differences among various versions of“IIW-Type” reference blocks, illustrations of typical configurations and anex
33、tensive bibliography can be found in a published reference.67.1.1 Only blocks fully meeting all the requirements ofISO 2400 should be referred to as IIW reference blocks.7.1.2 Blocks qualified to certain other national standardsmay also satisfy all the requirements of ISO 2400 but haveadditional fea
34、tures.7.1.3 The term IIW Block Type I should be used only todescribe blocks meeting the standard cited. The term IIW BlockType II is reserved for the miniature angle-beam block recog-nized by ISO.7.1.4 All other blocks derived from the basic ISO 2400configuration, but not fully meeting all its requi
35、rements shouldbe referred to as IIW-Type blocks.7.1.5 Suppliers and users of such blocks should identify thespecifications which are met, or provide detailed documenta-tion.7.1.6 Because of the possible differences noted, not allIIW-type blocks may be suited for every application for whichqualified
36、ISO 2400 blocks may be acceptable.6Hotchkiss, F.H.C., “Guide to designs of IIW-type blocks”, NDT International,Vol. 23, n. 6, December 1990, pp. 319-331.E1640827.1.7 Unless the blocks have also been checked by pre-scribed ultrasonic procedures, they may also produce non-uniform or misleading results
37、.7.2 Distance Standardization:7.2.1 An equal-radius reflecting surface subtending an arcof 90 is recommended for distance standardization because itis equally responsive to all beam angles. Other reflectorconfigurations may be used. Equal-radius reflecting surfacesare incorporated into IIW-Type Bloc
38、ks and several otherreference blocks (see Annex A1)(Note 3). Distance standard-ization on a square-notch corner reflector with a depth of 1 to3 % of thickness may be used. However, full beam reflectionsfrom the square corner of the block will produce erroneousresults when standardizing angle beams n
39、ear 60, due to modeconversion. The square corner of the block should not be usedfor distance standardization.NOTE 4Small errors of beam index location are indigenous to thestandardization procedure using the an IIW-Type Block. Where extremelyaccurate standardization is necessary, a procedure such as
40、 that outlined in7.2.2 should be used.7.2.2 For examination of welds, a side-drilled hole may beused for distance, amplitude, position, and depth standardiza-tion.An example is shown in Fig. 1. Move the reflector throughthe beam to18 ,38 ,58 ,78 , and98 of the Vee path. Adjust thedelay to place indi
41、cation 1 at sweep division 1. Adjust therange to place indication 9 at sweep division 9. Since thesecontrols interact, repeat the delay and range adjustments untilindications 1 and 9 are placed at sweep divisions 1 and 9.Adjust sensitivity to provide an 80 %-of-full-screen indicationfrom the highest
42、 of the 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 indications. At thissensitivity, mark the maximum amplitudes on the screen fromthe reflector at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Connect these points for thedistance amplitude curve (DA Curve). Corner reflections fromthe hole to the surface may be observed at 4 and 8 divisions onthe sweep
43、; these indications will not be used in the DA Curve.Measure the position of the reflector on the surface from thefront of the search unit to the surface projection of the holecenterline. Since the depth to the hole is known, the standard-ization provides means for estimating the position, depth, an
44、drelative size of an unknown reflector.7.3 Sensitivity-Amplitude Standardization:7.3.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan-dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not varywith beam angle when angle-beam examination is used.Sensitivity-amplitude reference standards that
45、 accomplish thisend are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of theplate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holesdrilled at the examination angle, and equal-radius reflectors.Surface notches can also accomplish this end under somecircumstances. These reference reflectors
46、 are described inTable 1.7.3.2 Under certain circumstances, sensitivity-amplitudestandardization must be corrected for coupling variations(Section 8) and distance amplitude effects (Section 9).8. Coupling Conditions8.1 Preparation:8.1.1 Where accessible, prepare the surface of the depositedweld meta
47、l so that it merges into the surfaces of the adjacentbase materials; however, the weld may be examined in theas-welded condition, provided the surface condition does notinterfere with valid interpretation of indications.8.1.2 Free the scanning surfaces on the base material ofweld spatter, scale, dir
48、t, rust, and any extreme roughness oneach side of the weld for a distance equal to several times thethickness of the production material, this distance to begoverned by the size of the search unit and refracted angle ofthe sound beam. Where scanning is to be performed along thetop or across this wel
49、d, the weld reinforcement may be groundto provide a flat scanning surface. It is important to produce asurface that is as flat as possible. Generally, the surfaces do notrequire polishing; light sanding with a disk or belt sander willusually provide a satisfactory surface for examination.8.1.3 The area of the base material through which the soundwill travel in the angle-beam examination should be com-pletely scanned with a straight-beam search unit to detectreflectors that might affect the interpretation of angle-beamresults by obstructing the sound beam. Conside
