1、Designation: E 165 02Standard Test Method forLiquid Penetrant Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers procedures for penetrant ex-amination of materials. They are nondestructive testing meth-ods for detecting discontinuities that are
3、 open to the surfacesuch as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, throughleaks, or lack of fusion and are applicable to in-process, final,and maintenance examination. They can be effectively used inthe examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrousand nonferrous, and of nonmetall
4、ic materials such as glazed orfully densified ceramics, certain nonporous plastics, and glass.1.2 This test method also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination processrecommended or required by individual organizations can bereviewed to ascertain its applicability and comp
5、leteness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the liquid penetrant examination of materials andparts. Agreement by the user and the supplier regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concern
6、ed with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest criteria forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out,however, that after indications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere
7、must be a separate code or specification or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and direction ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-ceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. SI units are provided for information
8、 only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refere
9、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)3D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water4D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)3D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water4D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur
10、in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)3D 4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by ChemicallySuppressed Ion Chromatography4E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tion5E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive Testing5E 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent
11、 Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-cess5E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Water-Washable Process5E 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-cess5E 121
12、9 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process5E 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant ExaminationUsing the Solvent-Removable Process5E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations5E 1418 Test Method for Visible Penetrant ExaminationUsing the Wat
13、er-Washable Process52.2 ASNT Document:6Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07
14、 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved February 10, 2002. Published April 2002. Originallypublished as E 165 60 T. Last previous edition E 165 95.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
15、Code applications see related Recom-mended Test Method SE-165 in the Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.6Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-gate Lane, Columbus, OH
16、43228-0518.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification72.4 APHA Standard:429 Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater82
17、.5 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel63. Terminology3.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examination,which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to the termsused in this standard.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A liquid penetrant which m
18、ay be a visible or a fluores-cent material is applied evenly over the surface being examinedand allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a suitabledwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed. A devel-oper is applied to draw the entrapped penetrant out of thediscontinuity and stain the de
19、veloper. The test surface is thenexamined to determine the presence or absence of indications.NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-chaser and supplier.NOTE 2Caution: Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not followa visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been
20、 qualified inaccordance with 10.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration orquenching of fluorescent dyes.4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning,penetration time and excess penetrant removal methods, aredetermined by the specific materials used, the nature of the partunder exam
21、ination, (that is, size, shape, surface condition,alloy) and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the variousmetho
22、ds has been designed for specific uses such as criticalservice items, volume of parts, portability or localized areas ofexamination. The method selected will depend accordingly onthe service requirements.6. Classification of Penetrations and Methods6.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods and types
23、areclassified as shown in Table 1.6.2 Fluorescent penetrant examination utilizes penetrantsthat fluoresce brilliantly when excited by black light (see8.9.1.2). The sensitivity of fluorescent penetrants depends ontheir ability to be retained in the various size discontinuitiesduring processing, then
24、to bleed out into the developer coatingand produce indications that will fluoresce. Fluorescent indi-cations are many times brighter than their surroundings whenviewed under black light illumination.6.3 Visible penetrant examination uses a penetrant that canbe seen in visible light. The penetrant is
25、 usually red, so that theindications produce a definite contrast with the white back-ground of the developer. The visible penetrant process does notrequire the use of black light. However, visible penetrantindications must be viewed under adequate white light (see8.9.2.1).7. Types of Materials7.1 Li
26、quid penetrant examination materials (see Notes 3and 4) consist of fluorescent and visible penetrants, emulsifiers(oil-base and water-base), solvent removers and developers. Afamily of liquid penetrant examination materials consists of theapplicable penetrant and emulsifier or remover, as recom-mend
27、ed by the manufacturer. Intermixing of penetrants andemulsifiers from various manufacturers is not recommended.NOTE 3Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen andalkali metal content.NOTE 4Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-versely affect common metallic material
28、s, some plastics or rubbers may beswollen or stained by certain penetrants.7.2 Penetrants:7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed from thesurface using a separate emulsifier.
29、The emulsifier, properlyapplied and given a proper emulsification time, combines withthe excess surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture,which can be rinsed from the surface, leaving the surface freeof fluorescent background. Proper emulsification time must beexperimentally established and
30、 maintained to ensure thatover-emulsification does not occur, resulting in loss of indica-tions.7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are designed to be di-rectly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after asuitable penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to the water-washa
31、ble penetrant, it is extremely importantto exercise proper process control in removal of excess surfacepenetrant to ensure against overwashing. Water-washable pen-etrants can be washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing stepis too long or too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistantto overwas
32、hing than others.7.2.3 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are designed so thatexcess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping until mostof the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces7Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-
33、5094, Attn: NPODS.8Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.TABLE 1 Classification of Penetrant Examination Types andMethodsType IFluorescent Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E 1209)Method BPost-
34、emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E 1208)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E 1219)Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method E 1210)Type IIVisible Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E 1418)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E 1220)E1650
35、22should be removed with the solvent remover (see 8.6.4.1). Tominimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, careshould be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing thesurface with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohib-ited.7.3 Emulsifiers:7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oi
36、l-miscible liquids used toemulsify the excess oily penetrant on the surface of the part,rendering it water-washable. The rate of diffusion establishesthe emulsification time. They are either slow- or fast-acting,depending on their viscosity and chemical composition, andalso the surface roughness of
37、the area being examined (see8.6.2).7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible liquidsused to emulsify the excess oily fluorescent penetrant on thesurface of the part, rendering it water-washable (see 8.6.3).These water-base emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) aresupplied as concentrates to b
38、e diluted with water and used as adip or spray. The concentration, use and maintenance shall bein accordance with manufacturers recommendations.7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing theexcess penetrant film from the surface of the part throughdetergent action. The force of the water
39、 spray or air/mechanicalagitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing actionwhile the detergent displaces the film of penetrant from the partsurface. The emulsification time will vary, depending on itsconcentration, which can be monitored by the use of a suitablerefractometer.7.4 Solvent Remo
40、vers function by dissolving the penetrant,making it possible to wipe the surface clean and free of excesspenetrant as described in 8.6.1.2 and 8.6.4.7.5 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the
41、applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the indications.7.5.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, non-caking powder) in accordance with 8.8.2.Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer withfluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant specks can appear
42、asindications.7.5.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see 8.8.3).NOTE 5Caution: Aqueous developers may cause stripping
43、 of indica-tions if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure should bequalified in accordance with 10.2.7.5.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrierready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on
44、the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium (see 8.8.4).NOTE 6Caution: This type of developer is intended for applicationby spray only.7.5.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a
45、transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see8.8.5).8. Procedure8.1 The following processing guidelines apply to bothfluorescent and visible penetrant examination methods (seeFigs. 1-3)
46、.8.2 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F (4 and 52C). Where it is not practicalto comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure as described in 10.2 at the temperature of intendeduse an
47、d as agreed to by the contracting parties.8.3 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant ExaminationSatisfactory results usually may be obtained on surfaces in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions (or forceramics in the densified conditions). Sensitive penetrants aregenerally less
48、easily rinsed away and are therefore less suitablefor rough surfaces. When only loose surface residuals arepresent, these may be removed by wiping with clean lint-freecloths. However, precleaning of metals to remove processingresiduals such as oil, graphite, scale, insulating materials,coatings, and
49、 so forth, should be done using cleaning solvents,vapor degreasing or chemical removing processes. Surfaceconditioning by grinding, machining, polishing or etching shallfollow shot, sand, grit or vapor blasting to remove the peenedskin and when penetrant entrapment in surface irregularitiesmight mask the indications of unacceptable discontinuities orotherwise interfere with the effectiveness of the examination.For metals, unless otherwise specified, etching shall be per-formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surfacetreatments or service usage have p
