1、Designation: E176 10An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-haz
3、ard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standard
4、 is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5、priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a
6、 Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand Mater
7、ialsE152 Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies4E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Methods of Fire Tests of Window Assemblies4E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux
8、 of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMetho
9、dE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAttic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance
10、 ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive
11、Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-BurningTypeE1529 Test Methods for Determining
12、Effects of LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and As-sembliesE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-ture1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology andEditorial.Curr
13、ent edition approved July 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E176 09a. DOI:10.1520/E0176-10.2Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19428.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website
14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM Inte
15、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1678 Test
16、 Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive BarrierSystems for Electrical System ComponentsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using
17、a Cone CalorimeterE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscura-tion Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, With t
18、he Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE2010 Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests ofWindow Assemblies4E2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic PolymerMaterial Flammability Using a Fire Pr
19、opagationApparatus(FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2074 Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged andPivoted Swinging Door Assemb
20、lies4E2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radi-ant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2226 Practice for Application of Hose StreamE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Ra
21、dioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seati
22、ng Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE2335 Guide for Laboratory MonitorsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall orCeiling Coverings to Assess Surface Burning Characteris-ticsE2405 Test Method for Determination of
23、Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Testwith Vertically Oriented Specimen2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and related definitions given inSect
24、ion 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in which they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms a
25、nd their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessmentstandards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable tothe standard or standards in wh
26、ich the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, are acceptable providedeach one is consistent with and not in conflict with the standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term i
27、s used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issuesand not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.When discrepancies exist, the definition
28、 in Terminology E176shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains the definitions of terms that are included inother fire standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are pr
29、inted di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or oflatest revision of that particular definition or discussion.afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessati
30、on of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis o
31、rincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent caused5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
32、 New York, NY, 10046.6Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.E176 102by convection currents confined within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usually draws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIO
33、NThe term combustible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are n
34、ot combustible under such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may be combustible in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata
35、rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing.) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluent
36、s that havemass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only for thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discretemat
37、erials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat gener-ated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly,when exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast grossheat of combustion) (2003).DISC
38、USSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by themass loss during a specified period of time under the specified testconditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire t
39、est standard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test condi-tions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximate thegross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test co
40、nditions willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related to fire, the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product,
41、 or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of thefollowing: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic profile, nan array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire sc
42、enario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also firehazard, fire risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)(1993)DISCUSSIONAn array of fire-test-response characteristics in a set ofdata relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a p
43、articular firescenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-strated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by havingcomparable fire intensities. The fire-characteristic profile is intended asa collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, prod
44、uct,or assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions. (1993)fire exposure, nprocess by which or extent to whichhumans, animals, materials, products, or assemblies aresubjected to the conditions created by fire. (1991)fire gases, nthe airborne products emitted
45、 by a material,product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion,that exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979)fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.(1989)DISCUSSIONA fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,animals, or property. These hazards ar
46、e associated with the environ-ment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of mate-rials, products, or assemblies including but not limited to ease ofignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation andobscuration, toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguish
47、-ment. (1989)fire model, na physical representation or set of mathematicalequations that approximately simulate the dynamics ofburning and associated processes. (1992)fire performance, nresponse of a material, product, orassembly in a particular fire, other than in a fire testinvolving controlled co
48、nditions (different from fire-test-response characteristic). (1993)DISCUSSIONThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishesbetween the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, which is fire-test-response charac-teristic, and under actual fire cond
49、itions, which is fire performance. Fireperformance depends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data,the response to one or more fire tests, appropriately recognized asrepresenting end-use conditions, is generally used as a predictor of thefire performance of a material, product, or assembly. (1993)fire performance characteristic, nthis term is deprecated.(See fire-test-response characteristic and fire perfor-mance (q.v.).) (1990)fire performance test, nthis term is deprecate
