1、Designation: E176 10a1An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe Annex was updated editorially in January 2011.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or li
3、kely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-haz
4、ard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standard is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespon
5、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1224 Specification for
6、 Reflective Insulation for BuildingApplicationsC1313 Specification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for BuildingConstruction ApplicationsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE10
7、8 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE152 Methods of Fire Tests of Door
8、Assemblies4E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Methods of Fire Tests of Window Assemblies4E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radi
9、ant Heat Energy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermo-pile MethodE970 Test Method for Critical
10、Radiant Flux of ExposedAttic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furnitur
11、e AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire
12、 ModelsE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E0
13、5.31 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E176 10. DOI:10.1520/E0176-10A.2Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19428.3For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referen
15、cedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-BurningTypeE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and As-se
16、mbliesE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke T
17、oxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive BarrierSystems for Electrical System ComponentsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Cov-ering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCa
18、lorimeterE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscura-tion Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, With the Test S
19、pecimen Oriented HorizontallyE2010 Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests ofWindow Assemblies4E2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic PolymerMaterial Flammability Using a Fire Propagation
20、Apparatus(FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2074 Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged andPivoted Swinging Door Assemblies4E210
21、2 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radi-ant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2226 Practice for Application of Hose StreamE2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance ofPerimeter Fire Barriers
22、Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Test ApparatusE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Radioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire T
23、est of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE2335 Guide for Laboratory MonitorsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Incl
24、uding Vinyl) Wall orCeiling Coverings to Assess Surface Burning Characteris-ticsE2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Testwith Vertically Oriented SpecimenE2536 Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertaintyin Fire TestsE2573 Prac
25、tice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems toAssess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning Char
26、acteristicsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CE2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine Precision Estimates for a Fire Test Method withFewer Than Six Participating LaboratoriesE2688 Practice for Specimen
27、 Preparation and Mounting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration ofExterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-ment ExposureE2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of FurnaceExposure on Test Specimens2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 11
28、82, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and related definitions given inSection 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazar
29、d-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in which they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-haza
30、rd-assessmentstandards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable tothe standard or standards in which the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, ar
31、e acceptable provided5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.E176 10a12each one is consistent with and not
32、 in conflict with the standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated wi
33、th fire issuesand not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains th
34、e definitions of terms that are included inother fire standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or oflatest revision of that particular definition or
35、 discussion.afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous
36、residue during pyrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis orincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent causedby convection currents confined within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usu
37、ally draws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combustible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpr
38、essures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are not combustible under such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may
39、 be combustible in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing.) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes c
40、ombustion (see also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that havemass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 stand
41、ards is only for thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discretematerials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat gener-ated per unit mass lost by a material, produc
42、t or assembly,when exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast grossheat of combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by themass loss during a specified period of time under the specified tes
43、tconditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test condi-tions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, t
44、he effective heat of combustion will approximate thegross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, na
45、s related to fire, the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of thefollowing: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic pro
46、file, nan array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also firehazard, fire risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)(1993)DISCUSSIONAn ar
47、ray of fire-test-response characteristics in a set ofdata relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particular firescenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-strated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by havingcomparable fire intensities. The fire-
48、characteristic profile is intended asa collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product,or assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions. (1993)fire exposure, nprocess by which or extent to whichhumans, animals, materials, products, or a
49、ssemblies aresubjected to the conditions created by fire. (1991)fire gases, nthe airborne products emitted by a material,product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion,that exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979)fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.(1989)DISCUSSIONA fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environ-ment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of mate-rials, products, or assemblies including but not li
