1、Designation: E 186 98 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial changes made
3、throughout in January 2004.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs2for heavy-walled steelcastings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 2 to412 in. 51 to 114 mm and consists of three separate sets asfollows:1.1.1 Volume 1: 1MV X Rays and Iridium 192 (called “1to 2Mev X rays” in previous e
4、ditions)-Set of 28 plates (5 by8 in. 127 by 203 mm in a 15 by 17 in. 381 by 432 mm ringbinder).1.1.2 Volume 2: 2MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 (called“gamma rays” in previous editions). This includes cobalt-60 orequivalent isotope radiation and from 2MV up to 4MV Xrays- Set of 28 plates (5 by 8 in.) in a 1
5、5 by 17 in. ring binder.1.1.3 Volume 3: 4MV to 30MV X rays (called “10 to 24Mev X rays” in previous editions)- Set of 28 plates (5 by 8 in.)in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.1.1.4 Each set consists of three categories of graded discon-tinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories ofungra
6、ded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as fol-lows:1.1.4.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through5.1.1.4.2 Category BSand and slag inclusions; severitylevels 1 through 5.1.1.4.3 Category CShrinkage; three types:(1) Type 1 Severity levels 1 through 5.(2) Type 2 Severity levels 1 t
7、hrough 5.(3) Type 3 Severity levels 1 through 5.1.1.4.4 Category DCrack; one illustration D3 in pre-1972documents.1.1.4.5 Category EHot tear; one illustration in pre-1972documents.1.1.4.6 Category FInsert; one illustration EB3 in pre-1972 documents.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
8、 regardedas the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
9、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:4Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to114-mm) Steel Castings:Volume I, 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-1925Volume II, 2-MV X Ra
10、ys and Cobalt-606Volume III, 4-MV to 30-MV X Rays73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this docu-ment, see Terminology E 1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-nal radiographs and are supplied as a means for establis
11、hing thecategories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel cast-ings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. Theymay be used in accordance with contractual specifications.4.2 Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared withthese reference radiographs for classification on the bas
12、is of thecategory and severity level of the discontinuity.4.3 The use of this document is not intended to restricted tothe specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the d
13、irect responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiographs.Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 186 - 98.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related ReferenceRadiogra
14、phs SE 186 in Section V of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from ASTM Hea
15、dquarters.5Order RRE018601.6Order RRE018602.7Order RRE018603.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:55:20 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to
16、License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.are contained in the document title. The title is intended to bedescriptive and not restrictive. The document may be usedwhere there is no other applicable document, for other energylevels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to beappl
17、icable and for which agreement has been reached betweenpurchaser and manufacturer.5. Method of Preparation5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the accompa-nying reference radiographs were produced on high contrast,fine grain film by the respective use of radiation energies statedin 1.1.1 to
18、1.1.3. The radiographs were made with a penetram-eter sensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (seeGuide E 94) of 2-2T. The reproductions have been prepared toan optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and they have retainedsubstantially the contrast of the original radiographs.5.2 Film Deterioration
19、Radiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radio
20、graphs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.6. Determinat
21、ion of Radiographic Classification6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic classification to be assignedto individual castings or specific areas of castings. The deter-mination of the applicable radiographic classification shall bebased on an evalua
22、tion of the casting applications, design, andservice requirements. In these evaluations, consideration shallbe given to such factors as pressure, temperature, sectionthickness, applicable design safety factor, vibration, shock,resistance to corrosion, involvement of penetrating radiationsor radiatio
23、n products, and involvement of dangerous gases orliquids.7. Classification Specifications7.1 The applicable radiographic severity classificationshould be designated by the contracting agency in formalspecifications or drawings and in the specific contract or order.The specifications, drawings, contr
24、act, or order should alsodesignate the sampling plan for the castings to be radiographedand the extent of radiographic coverage, as well as theclassification or level of acceptable discontinuity.8. Procedure for Evaluation8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the castingsubmitted for evaluation
25、with the reference radiographs ofsimilar thickness that were exposed at an equivalent energyrange.8.2 When the severity level of discontinuities in the produc-tion radiograph being evaluated is equal to or better than theseverity level in the specified reference radiograph, that part ofthe casting r
26、epresented by the production radiograph shall beacceptable. If the production radiograph shows discontinuitiesof greater severity than the reference radiograph, that part ofthe casting shall be rejected.8.3 An area of like size to the reference radiograph shall bethe unit area by which the productio
27、n radiograph is evaluated,and any such area or any area that shares a discontinuity withan adjacent film area shall meet the requirements as defined foracceptability. When the area of interest of a productionradiograph is less than the unit area, such area of interest shallbe prorated to the referen
28、ce radiographic area.8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity arepresent in the same production radiograph, the predominatingdiscontinuities, if unacceptable, shall govern without regard tothe other categories of discontinuities, and the casting rejecteduntil satisfactorily repaired.8.5 When
29、 two or more categories of discontinuity arepresent to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level asshown in the pertinent standards for each category, then thatpart of the casting shall be judged unacceptable until satisfac-torily repaired.8.6 Reference radiographs are provided showing a vari
30、etyof forms of shrinkage cavities. Production radiographs show-ing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representativereference radiograph.8.7 Production radiographs showing porosity, gas, or inclu-sions shall be evaluated by the overall condition with regard tosize, number, and distribution. The a
31、ggregate size of disconti-nuities shall not exceed the total accumulation in area of thediscontinuities of the reference radiograph. It is not the intentthat the maximum size of the illustrated discontinuity shall bethe limiting size for a single production radiographic discon-tinuity, or that the n
32、umber of discontinuities shown on thereference radiograph shall be the limiting number of produc-tion radiographs. Also, caution should be exercised in judginga large discontinuity against a collection of small discontinui-ties on the basis of size alone. Each of the factors of size,number, and dist
33、ribution must be considered in balance.8.8 Reference radiographs in this standard do not illustrateelongated or “worm hole” type of gas discontinuities. Whenthis condition occurs in a production radiograph, it shall beevaluated by comparison with the most representative refer-ence radiograph.8.8.1 W
34、hen the source has been placed perpendicular to thelength of the gas hole, evaluate the production radiograph witha shrinkage reference radiograph.8.8.2 When the source has been placed diametrically or“into” the diameter of the gas hole, evaluate the productionradiograph with a gas reference radiogr
35、aph.8.9 A diffraction mottling pattern can occur on radiographsof parts and sections where the grain size is large enough to bean appreciable fraction of the material thickness. However,diffraction mottling is not likely to occur in materials within thethickness range of this standard.8.10 Hot tears
36、 and cracks exhibited on production radio-graphs may at times resemble linear type shrinkage. Whendoubt exists whether such indications are cracks or tears, or arelinear shrinkage, all surfaces in the area of interest shall beground and magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspected asE 186 98 (200
37、4)e12Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:55:20 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.applicable. The extent and depth of grinding may requireengineering judgment. If the indication does not appear on t
38、hesurface, it shall be considered to be shrinkage.8.11 The radiographic density of discontinuities in compari-son with background density is a variable dependent ontechnical factors. It shall not be used as a criterion foracceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radio-graphs.9. Keywords9
39、.1 castings; discontinuities; gamma rays; reference radio-graphs; steel; x-rayASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valid
40、ity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comme
41、nts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have n
42、ot received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple co
43、pies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 186 98 (2004)e13Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:55:20 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
