1、Designation: E192 04 (Reapproved 2010)1E192 13Standard Reference Radiographs ofInvestment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEReapproved with editorial
3、 changes throughout in January 2010.1. Scope Scope*1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuitiesoccurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings require
4、sprocurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intendedto provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degreethrough radiogra
5、phic examination.1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards,specifications and drawings.1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 GradedSix common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of pro
6、gressively increasing severity.1.2.2 UngradedTwelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generallyregarded as discontinuities.1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.1.4 This document
7、 may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses for whichit is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 1The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130
8、 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (812 by 11 in. (216 by 279mm) in a 934 by 1112-in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.1.5 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aerospaceinvestment castings when performing digital X-ray imaging. W
9、hen performing digital X-ray imaging of these castings, refer toDigital Reference Image Standard E2660.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are
10、not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
11、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for Radiology1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
12、E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010June 1, 2013. Published February 2010June 2013. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asE192 - 04.E192 - 04 (2
13、010)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0192-04R10E01.10.1520/E0192-13.2The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made by thelost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes.3For referencedAST
14、M standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user o
15、f an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as pu
16、blished by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2660 Digital
17、Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this standard may be found in Terminology E1316, Section D.3.2 The terms
18、relating to discontinuities present in these reference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance.The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in this standard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.Where otherradiographic imaging media are used, these terms should be under
19、stood to refer to areas of greater or lesser radiologic transmission,respectively.3.2.1 Gas:3.2.1.1 gas holesround or elongated, smooth edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed randomlythroughout the casting.3.2.2 Shrinkage:3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity an area with distinct
20、jagged boundaries.3.2.2.2 shrinkage, spongean area, lacy in texture, with a very diffuse outline.3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritica distribution of very fine lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness and areusually unconnected.3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentaryusually a continuous structure
21、 of connected lines or branches of variable length, width anddarkness, or occasionally, a network.3.2.3 Heterogeneities:3.2.3.1 foreign material less denseirregularly shaped indications darker than the adjacent material, but lighter than gas holesof similar magnitude.3.2.3.2 foreign material more de
22、nseirregularly shaped indications lighter than the adjacent material.3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:3.2.4.1 hot tearsragged dark lines of variable width and numerous branches.They have no definite lines of continuity and mayexist in groups. They may originate internally or at the surface.3.2.4.2 col
23、d cracks straight or jagged lines usually continuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear singly.They start at the surface.3.2.4.3 cold shuta distinct dark line or band of variable length and definite smooth outline.3.2.4.4 misrunsprominent dark areas of variable dimensions with a d
24、efinite smooth outline.3.2.4.5 core shifta variation in wall thickness.3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defects as mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. These conditionsappear as areas or lines of different darkness than the adjacent material. Illustrations of the defect
25、 include:3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positivea lightened irregularly shaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing in darknessaway from the center.3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negativea darkened irregularly shaped area darkest near the center and gradually getting lighter awayfrom the center.3.2.6
26、Diffraction Pattern:3.2.6.1 columnarfew or many lines or arrays of linear indications that are both darker and lighter than the surrounding area.3.2.6.2 mottledindistinct areas of darker and lighter images.4. Description4.1 The range of radiographic illustrations is given in Table 1. The graded disc
27、ontinuities are illustrated in eight grades. Thesegrades range from that discernible at a 2-1T quality level or better to that evident of poor workmanship and commonly rejectablein commercial practice.5The ungraded illustrations have been included to establish the appearance of the radiographic indi
28、cationsthey represent in thin-wall steel castings. The alloys used are listed in Table 2.4.2 The ASTM penetrameters included on each graded plate were used for contrast and resolution control only, and inaccordance with Practice E1025.All of the references are original radiographs. The radiographic
29、technique used was in accordancewith Guide E94 and produced a density of from 2.00 to 2.25.4Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.5Each grade of a given discontinuity type is contained in an individual approximate 2 by 234-in. (51 by 70-mm) machined casting block. These blocks were inserte
30、d insteel keeper plates with radiographic characteristics equivalent to the casting blocks. The assembled plates were then radiographed to obtain the various gradations shown.E192 132TABLE 1 Range of IllustrationIllustrationsIllustrationPlate Thick-ness, in.(mm)Applicable CastingThickness, in. (mm)G
31、raded:Gas holes18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underGas holes38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclGas holes34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage cavity34 (19) All thicknessesShrinkage, sponge18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, sponge38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclShrinkage, sponge34 (1
32、9) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage, dendritic18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, dendritic38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclShrinkage, dendritic34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage, filamentary34 (19) All thicknessesForeign material, less dense18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and under
33、Foreign material, less dense38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclForeign material, less dense34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclUngraded:Discrete Discontinuities:Foreign material, moredense38 (9.5)Hot tear38 (9.5)Cold crack38 (9.5)Cold shut38 (9.5)Misrun38 (9.5)Core shift38 (9.5)Defective Mo
34、ld:Mold buckle, positive38 (9.5)Mold buckle, negative38 (9.5)Mold ridge38 (9.5)Excess metal in cracked38 (9.5)coreDiffraction pattern:ColumnarMottled38 (9.5)38 (9.5)TABLE 2 Alloys UsedIllustration AlloyGas holes,18 in. (3.2 mm),38 in. (9.5 mm), and34in. (19 mm)4330Foreign material less dense,18 in.
35、(3.2 mm),38 in. (9.5mm) and34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage cavity,34 in. (19 mm)Shrinkage, sponge,18 in. (3.2 mm)4330AMS 5355AShrinkage, sponge,38 in. (9.5 mm) and34 in. (19 mm) 4330Shrinkage, dendritic,18 in. (3.2 mm),38 in. (9.5 mm), and34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage, filamentary,34 in. (19 mm) 4330Forei
36、gn material more dense 4330Cold shut ACI HKHot tear 4330Cold crack 4330Misrun 4330Core shift 4330Mold buckle, positive AMS 5382BMold buckle, negative AMS 5360AMold ridge AMS 5382BExcess metal in cracked core ACI CF-8MDiffraction pattern, columnar ACI HKDiffraction pattern, mottled ACI HKE192 1335. B
37、asis for Application5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance standards in a variety of ways tailored to the specific application.Application of these reference radiographs as acceptance standards should be based on the intended use of the product and thefollowing considerations (se
38、e Note 2):5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radiograph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the casting beingexamined. The size of this unit area should be specified in the acceptance criteria.5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these radiographs may be used as is relevant
39、 to the particular application. Different gradesor acceptance limits may be specified for each discontinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be specified for differentregions or zones of a component.5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where more than one discontinuity type are prese
40、nt in the same area. Anymodifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of multiple discontinuity types must be specified.5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only an ungraded illustration of a discontinuity, an acceptance level may bespecified by referencing a maximum discon
41、tinuity size, or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiple discontinuities, as in the case of gas holes, acceptance may be basedupon the aggregate size of the discontinuities, maximum discontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the
42、spacing betweendiscontinuities, or a combination of these and/or other criteria.5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should contain information addressing; zoning of the part (if applicable), themaximum acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type, and the specified area that the refe
43、rence radiograph is to be applied.NOTE 2Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade of discontinuity to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry practiceshould be considered. It is advisable to consult with the manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria
44、to ensure the desired quality levelcan be achieved.5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are
45、noexception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signsof wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth.Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the inte
46、rpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.6. Keywords6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; reference radiographs; steel; x-raySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E192 - 04(2010)1) that ma
47、y impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)(1) Added 1.5(2) Added E2660ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validi
48、ty of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comment
49、s are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
