1、Designation: E213 141Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEOrder of references corrected editorially in March 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2covers a procedure for detecting discon-tinuities in metal pipe and t
3、ubing during a volumetric exami-nation using ultrasonic methods. Specific techniques of theultrasonic method to which this practice applies includepulse-reflection techniques, both contact and non-contact (forexample, as described in Guide E1774), and angle beamimmersion techniques. Artificial refle
4、ctors consisting oflongitudinal, and, when specified by the using party or parties,transverse reference notches placed on the surfaces of areference standard are employed as the primary means ofstandardizing the ultrasonic system.1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular productshaving outs
5、ide diameters approximately12 in. (12.7 mm) andlarger, provided that the examination parameters comply withand satisfy the requirements of Section 12. These procedureshave been successful with smaller sizes. These may be speci-fied upon contractual agreement between the using parties.These procedure
6、s are intended to ensure that proper beamangles and beam shapes are used to provide full volumecoverage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios ofoutside diameter-to-wall thickness, and to avoid spurioussignal responses when examining small-diameter, thin-walltubes.1.3 The procedure in A
7、nnex A1 is applicable to pipe andtubing used in nuclear and other special and safety applica-tions. The procedure in Annex A2 may be used to determinethe helical scan pitch.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; theymust be specified by the using party or parties.1.5 The values st
8、ated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI equivalents are in parentheses and may beapproximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
9、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE1316 Terminology for
10、 Nondestructive ExaminationsE1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers(EMATs)E1816 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing Using Electromag-netic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certificati
11、on4ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel42.3 ISO Standards:ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing Qualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel52.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestr
12、uctiveTesting Personnel63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, see Terminology E1316.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edit
13、ion approved June 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E213 - 09. DOI:10.1520/E0213-14.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related PracticeSE-213 in the Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
14、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1711Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available
15、from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc., 1250 Eye St.NW, Washington D.C. 20005.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Practice4.1 A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by means of non-contact, surface contact or immersion method shall be used.Fig. 1 illustrates the characteristic ultrason
17、ic angle beam entryinto the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferential directionto detect longitudinal discontinuities using a single search unit.Fig. 2 illustrates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entryinto the wall of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to searchfor transverse discont
18、inuities using a single search unit.NOTE 1The immersion method may include tanks, wheel search units,or systems that use streams or columns of liquid to couple the ultrasonicenergy from the search unit to the material.4.2 To ensure detection of discontinuities that may notprovide a favorable respons
19、e from one side, scanning shall beperformed in both circumferential directions for longitudinaldiscontinuities and when an axial scan is specified by the usingparty or parties, in both axial directions for transverse discon-tinuities.4.3 For efficient examination of large quantities of material,mult
20、iple search units and instruments may be used simultane-ously to perform scanning in the required directions. Multiplesearch units may be employed for “interlaced” scanning ineach required direction to enable higher examination rates to beachieved through higher allowable scan index or “pitch.”5. Si
21、gnificance and Use5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure fordetecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits,voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-reflection method.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following are items that must be decided u
22、pon bythe using party or parties.6.1.1 Size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined,6.1.2 Additional scanning for transverse discontinuities,6.1.3 Items that affect examination coverage may also bespecified such as scan overlap, pulse density and maximumsearch unit size.6.1.4 The stage(s) in the m
23、anufacturing process at which thematerial will be examined,6.1.5 Surface condition,6.1.6 Maximum time interval between equipment standard-ization checks, if different from that described in 13.2 and thetolerance to be applied to a standardization check,6.1.7 Type, dimensions, location, method of man
24、ufacture,and number of artificial reflectors to be placed on the referencestandard,6.1.8 Method(s) for measuring dimensions of artificial re-flectors and tolerance limits if different than specified inSection 11,6.1.9 Criteria for reportable and rejectable indications (ac-ceptance criteria),6.1.10 R
25、eexamination of repaired/reworked items, if re-quired or permitted, shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.1.11 Requirements for permanent records of the responsefrom each tube, if applicable,6.1.12 Contents of examination report,6.1.13 Operator qualifications and certification, if require
26、d,FIG. 1 Circumferential Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube WallE213 14126.1.14 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies. If speci-fied in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in Practice E543. Theapplicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specif
27、ied in thecontractual agreement.6.1.15 Level of personnel qualification. (See 7.1)7. Personnel Qualification7.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication pract
28、ice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712, NAS-410, or a similar document andcertified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe identified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.8. Surface
29、Condition8.1 All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale, dirt, grease,paint, or other foreign material that could interfere withinterpretation of examination results. The methods used forcleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examinationshall not be detrimental to the base metal or th
30、e surface finish.Excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signalsthat interfere with the examination.9. Apparatus9.1 Instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall becapable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-scribed in Section 11 to the extent required in the stan
31、dardiza-tion procedure described in Section 12. An independent chan-nel (or channels) of instrumentation shall be employed toindividually monitor the responses from the longitudinal and,when required, transverse oriented search units.The instrumentpulse repetition rate shall be capable of being adju
32、sted to asufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at the scanningrate employed. The instrument shall be capable of this pulserepetition rate without false indications due to spurious reflec-tions or interference from other instruments and search unitsbeing used for simultaneous examinations
33、 in other directions oralong other scan paths.9.1.1 The frequency and bandwidth of the instrument andsearch unit shall be capable of being selected to produce asatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the re-quired notches as compared to background “noise” responsefrom irregularities
34、such as grain boundaries and surface rough-ness.9.2 Search unit frequency shall be selected to produce adesirable “signal-to-noise” ratio (S/N), from the material to beexamined, at the specified sensitivity. A S/N value of at least 3to 1 is usually considered to be minimum. A higher minimumvalue is
35、desirable and may be specified by the contractingagency.9.2.1 Select a search unit size, frequency and refracted angle(or corresponding parameters for non-contact techniques) toproduce an approximate 45 degrees beam-center shear wave inthe tube or pipe wall. For material with an outside diameter-to-
36、thickness ratio less than 7, a lower refracted angle (orcorresponding parameters for non-contact techniques) must beused to ensure intersection with the inside surface. This doesnot ensure detection of midwall discontinuities (See Reference1).9.3 The positions of all conveyor and drive mechanismsmus
37、t be set to support and feed the material to be examined ina stable manner and at the desired scan “pitch” (helix). Forsmall tubes, support mechanisms must be used in the exami-nation station to prevent any transverse motion with respect tothe search unit beam during scanning. If larger material tha
38、t isnot straight is to be examined the search units may have to besupported in a “follower” mechanism to compensate for this.10. Couplant10.1 For piezoelectric-based search units (non-contact tech-niques do not require couplant), a couplant such as water, oil,or glycerin, capable of conducting ultra
39、sonic vibrations be-tween the search unit and the pipe or tube being examined shallbe used. Rust inhibitors, softeners, and wetting agents may beadded to the couplant. The couplant liquid with all theFIG. 2 Axial Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube WallE213 1413additives should not to be detrimen
40、tal to the surface conditionof the pipe or tube, and shall wet the surface of the material toprovide adequate coupling efficiency. To prevent spurioussignals or loss of sensitivity, or both, care must be taken toavoid the presence of air bubbles in the couplant.NOTE 2In the contact method, some coup
41、lants result in betterultrasonic transmission when the tubing is precoated several hours beforethe examination.11. Reference Standards11.1 A reference standard of a convenient length shall beprepared from a length of pipe or tube of the same nominaldiameter, wall thickness, material, surface finish,
42、 and acousti-cal properties as the material to be examined. The referencepipe or tube shall be free of discontinuities or other conditionsproducing indications that can interfere with detection of thereference notches.11.2 Longitudinal and, when required by the contractingagency, transverse referenc
43、e notches shall be placed on boththe outside and inside surfaces of the reference standard toensure satisfactory examination sensitivity near each of theseboundaries.11.3 Reference notches shall be separated sufficiently (cir-cumferentially or axially, or both) to preclude interference andinterpreta
44、tion difficulties.11.4 All upset metal, burrs, etc., adjacent to the referencenotches shall be removed.11.5 The notch dimensions, which are length, depth, andwidth (and for V-notches, the included angle) must be decidedupon by the using party or parties. Fig. 3 illustrates thecommon notch configurat
45、ions and the dimensions to be mea-sured (Note 3). Reflection amplitudes from V-, square-, andU-shaped notches of comparable dimensions may vary widelydepending on the angle, frequency, and vibrational mode of theinterrogating sound beam.NOTE 3In Fig. 3 (a), ( b), and (d), the sharp corners are for e
46、ase ofillustration. It is recognized that in normal machining practice, a radiuswill be generated.11.5.1 The notch depth shall be an average measured fromthe circular tubing surface to the maximum and minimumpenetration of the notch. Measurements may be made byoptical, replicating, or other agreed u
47、pon techniques. Unlessspecified otherwise by the using party or parties, the notchdepth shall be within 60.0005 in. (0.013 mm) of the specifiedvalue for notches 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) or less in depth, andwithin + 10, 15 % of the specified value for notches over0.005 in. in depth. At the option of the
48、testing agency,shallower notches may be used to provide a more stringentexamination.NOTE 4For as-rolled or scaly pipe or tube surfaces, it may benecessary to modify 11.5.1. Two acceptable modifications are listedbelow. Modification (a) is preferred; however, modification (b) may beused unless otherw
49、ise specified.(a) The circular pipe or tube surface may be smoothed or prepared in thenotch area, or(b) The notch depth shall be within 0.001 in. (0.025 mm), or + 10, 15 %of the specified depth, whichever is greater.11.5.2 When notch tolerances are specified by the usingparty or parties, tolerances may often include only negativevalues with zero positive deviation allowed so that sensitivityis never reduced below a specified minimum value. The use ofsmaller notches by the examination agency is permissible,provided that concurrence is obtained from the contractingag
