1、Designation: E23 12cAn American National StandardStandard Test Methods forNotched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E23; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe
3、notched-bar impact testingof metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and theIzod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for:test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (seeAnnexA1) verifying Charpy impact machines (seeAnnexA2),optional test specimen configura
4、tions (see Annex A3), desig-nation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823),and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface ofbroken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, infor-mation is provided on the significance of notched-bar impacttesting (see Appendix X1), and
5、 methods of measuring thecenter of strike (see Appendix X2).1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associ-ated with impact testing at temperatures below 196 C (77 K).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandar
6、d.1.3.1 ExceptionSection 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices a
7、nd determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B925 Practices for Production and Preparation of PowderMetallurgy (PM) Test SpecimensE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precisi
8、on and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE604 Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of MetallicMaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-ingE2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
9、Metallic Materials3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The essential features of an impact test are: a suitablespecimen (specimens of several different types are recognized),a set of anvils, and specimen supports on which the testspecimen is placed to receive the blow of the moving mass, amoving mass that h
10、as sufficient energy to break the specimenplaced in its path, and a device for measuring the energyabsorbed by the broken specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specificallyto the behavior of metal when subjected to a single applicationof a force resulting in
11、 multi-axial stresses associated with anotch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some caseswith high or low temperatures. For some materials andtemperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens,when correlated with service experience, have been found topredict the likelihood of br
12、ittle fracture accurately. Furtherinformation on significance appears in Appendix X1.5. Precautions in Operation of Machine5.1 Safety precautions should be taken to protect personnelfrom the swinging pendulum, flying broken specimens, andhazards associated with specimen warming and cooling media.6.
13、Apparatus6.1 General Requirements:6.1.1 The testing machine shall be a pendulum type of rigidconstruction.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 onImpact Testing.Current edition approved Nov.
14、15, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1933. Last previous edition approved 2012 as E23 12b. DOI:10.1520/E0023-12C.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform
15、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.2 The testing machine shall be designed and built toconform with the requirements given in Annex A1.6.2 Inspec
16、tion and Verification6.2.1 Inspection procedures to verify impact machines di-rectly are provided in A2.2 and A2.3. The items listed in A2.2must be inspected annually.6.2.2 The procedures to verify Charpy V-notch machinesindirectly, using verification specimens, are given in A2.4.Charpy impact machi
17、nes must be verified directly and indi-rectly annually.7. Test Specimens7.1 Configuration and Orientation:7.1.1 Specimens shall be taken from the material as speci-fied by the applicable specification.7.1.2 The type of specimen chosen depends largely upon thecharacteristics of the material to be tes
18、ted. A given specimenmay not be equally satisfactory for soft nonferrous metals andhardened steels; therefore, many types of specimens arerecognized. In general, sharper and deeper notches are requiredto distinguish differences in very ductile materials or whenusing low testing velocities.7.1.3 The
19、specimens shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are those mostwidely used and most generally satisfactory. They are particu-larly suitable for ferrous metals, excepting cast iron.37.1.4 The specimens commonly found suitable for powdermetallurgy materials are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Powdermetallurgy impact test spe
20、cimens shall be produced followingthe procedure in Practice B925. The impact test results of thesematerials are affected by specimen orientation. Therefore,3Report of Subcommittee XV on Impact Testing of CommitteeA-3 on Cast Iron,Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 33 Part 1, 1933.Perpendicularity of notch axis
21、62Adjacent (90) sides shall be at 6 10 minCross-section dimensions 6 0.075 mmLength of specimen (L) +0, 2.5 mmCentering of notch (L/2) 6 1mmAngle of notch 61Radius of notch 60.025 mmLigament Length: 60.025 mmType A specimen 60.025 mmType B and C specimen 60.075 mmFinish requirements Ra# 2 m on notch
22、ed surface and opposite face;Ra# 4 m on other two surfacesFIG. 1 Charpy (Simple-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, Types A, B, and CE23 12c2NOTE 1Permissible variations shall be as follows:Perpendicularity of notch axis 62Cross-section dimensions 60.025 mmLength of specimen +0, 2.5 mmAngle of notch 61Radi
23、us of notch 60.025 mmLigament Length 60.025 mmAdjacent (90) sides shall be at 6 10 minFinish requirements Ra# 2 m on notched surface and opposite face;Ra# 4 m on other two surfacesFIG. 2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen, Type DDimensionsmmL- Overall Length 55.0 6 1.0W-Width 10.00 6 0.13T-
24、Thickness 10.00 6 0.13NOTE 1Adjacent sides shall be at 906 10 min.FIG. 3 Unnotched Charpy (Simple Beam) Impact Test Specimenfor Metal Powder Structural MaterialsDimensionsmmL- Overall Length 75.0 6 1.5W-Width 10.00 6 0.13T-Thickness 10.00 6 0.13NOTE 1Adjacent sides shall be at 906 10 min.FIG. 4 Izod
25、 (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen for P/MStructural MaterialsE23 12c3unless otherwise specified, the position of the specimen inthe machine shall be such that the pendulum will strike asurface that is parallel to the compacting direction. For powdermetallurgy materials the impact test results
26、are reported asunnotched absorbed impact energy.7.1.5 Sub-size and supplementary specimen recommenda-tions are given in Annex A3.7.2 Specimen Machining:7.2.1 When heat-treated materials are being evaluated, thespecimen shall be finish machined, including notching, afterthe final heat treatment, unle
27、ss it can be demonstrated that theimpact properties of specimens machined before heat treatmentare identical to those machined after heat treatment.7.2.2 Notches shall be smoothly machined but polishing hasproven generally unnecessary. However, since variations innotch dimensions will seriously affe
28、ct the results of the tests,adhering to the tolerances given in Fig. 1 is necessary (Appen-dix X1.2 illustrates the effects from varying notch dimensionson Type A specimens). In keyhole specimens, the round holeshall be carefully drilled with a slow feed rate. The slot may becut by any feasible meth
29、od, but care must be exercised incutting the slot to ensure that the surface of the drilled holeopposite the slot is not damaged.7.2.3 Identification marks shall only be placed in the fol-lowing locations on specimens: either of the 10-mm squareends; the side of the specimen that faces up when the s
30、pecimenis positioned in the anvils (see Note 1); or the side of thespecimen opposite the notch. No markings, on any side of thespecimen, shall be within 10 mm of the center line of the notch.Permanent markers, laser engraving, scribes, electrostatic pen-cils, and other reasonable marking methods may
31、 be used foridentification purposes. However, some marking methods canresult in damage to the specimens if not used correctly. Forexample, excessive heat from electrostatic pencils or deforma-tion to the specimen from stamping can change the mechanicalproperties of the specimen. Therefore, care must
32、 always betaken to avoid damage to the specimen. Stamping and othermarking processes that result in deformation of the specimenshould only be used on the ends of the specimens, prior tonotching.NOTE 1Careful consideration should be given before placing identi-fication marks on the side of the specim
33、en to be placed up when positionedin the anvils. If the test operator is not careful, the specimen may be placedin the machine with the identification marking resting on the specimensupports (that is, facing down). Under these circumstances, the absorbedenergy value obtained may be unreliable.8. Pro
34、cedure8.1 Preparation of the Apparatus:8.1.1 Perform a routine procedure for checking impactmachines at the beginning of each day, each shift, or just priorto testing on a machine used intermittently. It is recommendedthat the results of these routine checks be kept in a log book forthe machine. Aft
35、er the testing machine has been ascertained tocomply with Annex A1 and Annex A2, carry out the routinecheck as follows:8.1.1.1 Visually examine the striker and anvils for obviousdamage and wear.8.1.1.2 Check the zero position of the machine by using thefollowing procedure: raise the pendulum to the
36、latched posi-tion, move the pointer to near the maximum capacity of therange being used, release the pendulum, and read the indicatedvalue. The pointer should indicate zero on machines readingdirectly in energy. On machines reading in degrees, the readingshould correspond to zero on the conversion c
37、hart furnished bythe machine manufacturer.NOTE 2On machines that do not compensate for windage and frictionlosses, the pointer will not indicate zero. In this case, the indicated values,when converted to energy, shall be corrected for frictional losses that areassumed to be proportional to the arc o
38、f swing.8.1.1.3 The friction and windage loss shall not exceed 0.4 %of the scale range being tested and should not change by morethan 10 % of the percent friction and windage loss measure-ments previously recorded on the machine. If the percentfriction and windage loss does exceed 0.4 % or is signif
39、icantlydifferent from previous measurements, check the indicatingmechanism, the latch height, and the bearings for wear anddamage. However, if the machine has not been used recently,let the pendulum swing for 50 to 100 cycles, and repeat thepercent friction and windage test before undertaking repair
40、s tothe machine. To ensure that friction and windage losses arewithin allowable tolerances, use one of the following evalua-tion procedures:(1) For a machine equipped with an analog scale:Raise the pendulum to the latched position;Move the pointer to the maximum scale value being used;Release the pe
41、ndulum (without a specimen in the machine);Allow the pendulum to cycle five times (a forward and a backwardswing together count as one cycle);Prior to the sixth forward swing set the pointer to between 5 and 10% of the maximum scale value being used;After the sixth forward swing record the value ind
42、icated by thepointer (convert to energy if necessary);Divide the energy reading by 10;Divide by the maximum scale value being used, andMultiply by 100 to get the percent friction and windage loss.(2) A machine equipped with a digital display:Determine the percent friction and windage loss per manufa
43、c-turers procedure.(3) For machine equipped with both an analog scale anddigital display:Determine the friction and windage loss using the sameindicating device used to report absorbed energy (10.2.4 andA2.4).NOTE 3Prior to the 2012 version, the percent friction and windagewas based on 11 (half) swi
44、ngs and the pointer was not engaged on the firstswing. Now the pointer is engaged on the first swing. The difference is thatthe friction, windage, and pointer losses associated with the first swing areno longer assumed to be zero. On the 1st swing the pointer should go to0.00, so any friction that w
45、ill be recorded will only show up on thefollowing 10 (half) swings.8.2 Test Temperature Considerations:8.2.1 The temperature of testing affects the impact proper-ties of most materials. For materials with a body centered cubicstructure, a transition in fracture mode occurs over a tempera-ture range
46、that depends on the chemical composition andmicrostructure of the material. Test temperatures may bechosen to characterize material behavior at fixed values, orover a range of temperatures to characterize the transitionE23 12c4region, lower shelf, or upper shelf behavior, or all of these. Thechoice
47、of test temperature is the responsibility of the user ofthis test method and will depend on the specific application.For tests performed at room temperature, a temperature of 20C 6 5C is recommended.8.2.2 The temperature of a specimen can change signifi-cantly during the interval it is removed from
48、the temperatureconditioning environment, transferred to the impact machine,and the fracture event is completed (see Note 6). When usinga heating or cooling medium near its boiling point, use datafrom the references in Note 6 or calibration data with thermo-couples to confirm that the specimen is wit
49、hin the statedtemperature tolerances when the striker contacts the specimen.If excessive adiabatic heating is expected, monitor the speci-men temperature near the notch during fracture.8.2.3 Verify temperature-measuring equipment at least ev-ery six months. If liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, aninitial verification shall be sufficient, however, the device shallbe inspected for problems, such as the separation of liquid, atleast twice annually.8.2.4 Hold the specimen at the desired temperature within6 1C(6 2F) in the temperature conditioning envi
