1、Designation: E252 06 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forThickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and Film by MassMeasurement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the
3、determination of the thick-ness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less inthickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known areaand density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil,and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be r
4、egardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units, which are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
5、of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on thedate of material purchase, unless otherwise noted, form a partof
6、this specification to the extent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Apparatus3.1 Precision Blanking Pressto cut foil or s
7、heet circlesthat are 8.000 6 0.008 in.2(51.613 6 0.051 cm2) in area or3.1915 6 0.0015 in. (81.06 6 0.04 mm) in diameter. Other sizespecimens may be used with the recognition that the accuracystated in 6.1 is no longer applicable. See Annex A1 for theselection of other specimen sizes and the resultin
8、g change inaccuracy of the test method.3.2 Balancecapable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 mg ofthickness for the 8.000-in.2(51.613-cm2) circle.4. Procedure4.1 Blank an 8.000 6 0.008-in.2(51.613 6 0.051-cm2)circle representative of the foil or sheet, swab with acetone orother suitable solvent to ensu
9、re a surface free of soil, anddetermine the mass of the clean, dry specimen to the nearest0.1 mg. Use a suitable solvent to remove any coating known toexceed 0.005 mg/ft2(4.645 mg/cm2) of surface area.5. Calculation5.1 Determine the thickness from the relationship:T 5MADwhere:T = thickness of the fo
10、il, sheet, or film, in. (or cm),M = mass of the circle, g,A = area of the circle, in.2(or cm2), andD = density of the foil, sheet, or film, g/in.3(or Mg/m3).5.2 Densities of Aluminum Alloys:5.2.1 Calculate the density of aluminum foil or sheet fromchemical composition limits of the alloy by the meth
11、oddescribed in Annex A2. The densities of foil or sheet alloysdetermined in this manner are accurate to within 6 0.3 %.5.2.2 Calculated densities for some of the common foil orsheet alloys can be found in Table 1. A column headed “mils/gfor 8.000-in.2Area” is added for convenience in determiningthic
12、kness of the 8.000-in.2(51.613-cm2) specimens. The massof the specimen in grams multiplied by this factor is equal tothe thickness of the foil or sheet in mils. One mil is equal to0.001 in. (0.0254 mm).6. Precision and Bias6.1 Following the procedure outlined in this test method,repeated mass measur
13、ements of the same specimen on different1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on LightMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 onTesting.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previo
14、us edition approved in 2006 as E252 06. DOI:10.1520/E0252-06R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
15、te.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1balances should result in agreement within 1 mg. It is outsideof the scope of this test method to describe maintenance
16、 andcalibration procedures for balances, but disagreement largerthan 1 mg warrants attention to maintenance or recalibration ofthe balance.ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. SPECIMEN SIZE AND SHAPE AND ITS EFFECT ON ACCURACYA1.1 GeneralA1.1.1 Specimens of sizes and shapes other than the 8.000-in.2(51
17、.613-cm2) circle maybe used provided consideration isgiven to controllable factors affecting the accuracy of themethod. Specifically, the area of the specimen shall be knownand controlled to an accuracy of 60.1 %, and the minimummass of the specimen shall be 70 mg. Specimens ranging insize from 8 to
18、 32 in.2(52 to 206 cm2) are convenient to handleand can be prepared to meet the aforementioned requirements.A1.2 Source of ErrorA1.2.1 Inherent errors in determining thickness by the massmeasurement method result from the limits on the accuracy ofthe density value assigned to the alloy, the accuracy
19、 with whicha specimen can be cut and its area determined, and theaccuracy of the mass measurement. Much time could bedevoted to a discussion of refinement of errors but it shallsuffice here to draw on experience as a guide for determiningthe accuracy of the method.A1.3 Error from Uncertainty of the
20、Densities of the Speci-men (ED)A1.3.1 The density of aluminum foil or sheet alloys shall bethose listed in Table 1 or it shall be determined by the methoddescribed in Annex A2. Values so obtained are accurate to6 0.3 % of the true density. The error imposed by uncertaintyof the density then is ED= 6
21、 0.3 % of the thickness deter-mined.A1.4 Error from Control of the Area of the Specimen (EA)A1.4.1 Aprecision blanking press can cut a specimen whosearea is known and reproducible to an accuracy of 60.1 %. If dis the specific diameter required to provide the area used in thethickness computation, th
22、en the error in area resulting from asmall error, d, in the diameter is 200 d/d %. It follows thenthat to maintain an area accurate to 60.1 %, the tolerance onthe diameter of the blanked circle shall be 60.0005 times thecircle diameter. The fact that the tolerance on diameter de-creases in direct pr
23、oportion to the diameter is a factor toconsider in selecting the specimen size to use in the method.Compliance with this tolerance limits the area error toEA= 6 0.1 % of the thickness determined.A1.5 Error from Measuring the Mass of the Specimen(EM)A1.5.1 The accuracy of measuring the mass of a foil
24、 orsheet specimen has been found to be 0.7 mg. This imposes amaximum error on the method of 6 0.07/(TAD) % of thethickness determined. Since D, density of the foil or sheet, isfixed, it is seen that the magnitude of the mass measurementTABLE 1 Densities of Aluminum Foil or Sheet Alloys Applicableto
25、the Determination of Thickness by the Mass MeasurementMethodAlloyDensitymils/g for 8.000-in.2Areag/in.3Mg/m3A1100 44.41 2.71 2.8151145 44.24 2.700 2.8261188 44.24 2.700 2.8261199 44.24 2.700 2.8261235 44.33 2.705 2.8203003 44.74 2.73 2.7945052 43.92 2.68 2.8465056 43.26 2.64 2.8908079 44.57 2.72 2.8
26、058111 44.41 2.71 2.815ARegistration Record of Aluminum Association Designations and Chemical Com-position Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys, AluminumAssoc., Washington, DC.E252 06 (2013)2error is a function of the thickness, T, of the foil or sheet andthe area, A, of the speci
27、men. The area, A, is a controllablefactor in the method, and the importance of selecting a largearea to minimize the overall percentage error in the method forthin foil or sheet is apparent from a few simple calculations.The product TAD is the mass of the specimen in grams, so toprevent the mass mea
28、surement error from introducing errors inexcess of 6 1.0 %, it is necessary that the mass of the specimenbe larger than 70 mg. The maximum error in the method due tomass measurement then is EM= 6 0.07/ (TAD) %ofthethickness determined.A1.6 Maximum Error of the MethodA1.6.1 If ED, EA, and EMrepresent
29、 the errors in percentageof thickness determined as imposed by the limits of accuracy ofdensity, area, and mass measurement, respectively, then themaximum error of the method is (ED+EA+EM) percent of thethickness determined. Since these errors at a given test locationare normally in the nature of a
30、bias rather than random error,the accuracy of the method is best described in terms of thismaximum error. The maximum error of the method in percentis as follows:ED1EA1EM5F0.410.07TAD!Gwhere TAD is the mass of the specimen in grams.A2. CALCULATING THE DENSITY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYSA2.1 CalculationA2.1.1
31、 The following describes the procedures used tocalculate nominal densities of aluminum and aluminum alloys.A2.1.2 The form shown in Table A2.1 is convenient formaking such calculations. A sample calculation is shown for5052 alloy.A2.1.2.1 For each alloying element, the arithmetic mean ofits register
32、ed limits is determined. The mean is rounded to thenumber of places indicated in Table A2.2. Rounding, exceptwhen specified otherwise, shall be in accordance with therounding method of Practice E29.A2.1.2.2 For each impurity element or combination ofimpurity elements for which a maximum limit is reg
33、istered, anarithmetic mean is determined using zero as the minimumlimit. The mean is rounded to the number of places indicated inTable A2.1.A2.1.2.3 For impurity elements having a combined limit(such as Si + Fe), each of the elements is considered to have anequal concentration. The concentrations ar
34、e calculated bydividing the mean determined for the combined limit inA2.1.2.2 by the number of elements in the combined limit.Each element concentration is rounded to the number of placesindicated in Table A2.1.A2.1.2.4 The element concentrations in A2.1.2.1 A2.1.2.3are totaled and then subtracted f
35、rom 100 to obtain the concen-tration of aluminum to be used in the calculation. Thealuminum concentration is rounded to two decimal places. For1XXX series aluminum, calculated aluminum content may beless than the specified minimum aluminum content.Nevertheless, the calculated aluminum content should
36、 be usedfor purposes of this calculation procedure.A2.1.2.5 Each element concentration determined inA2.1.2.1 A2.1.2.4 is multiplied by the value 1/Density givenin Table A2.2. Each of these results is rounded to three decimalplaces.TABLE A2.1 Density Calculations of Aluminum and AluminumAlloys at 20C
37、Example for Alloy 5052Element1/DensityABC(m3/Mg)Mass PercentPresent1/Density MassPercent PresentCu 0.1116 0.05 0.006Fe 0.1271 0.20 0.025Si 0.4292 0.12 0.052Mn 0.1346 0.05 0.007Mg 0.5522D2.5 1.380Zn 0.1401 0.05 0.007Ni 0.1123Cr 0.1391 0.25 0.035Ti 0.2219Pb 0.0882V 0.1639B 0.4274Be 0.5411Zr 0.1541Ga 0
38、.1693Bi 0.1020Sn 0.1371Cd 0.1156CCo 0.1130CLi 1.4410D3.22(Subtotal)1.512AI 0.3705 96.78(Remainder)35.857100.00(Total)37.369Calculated Density100/37.369 = 2.68 Mg/m3= 43.92 g/in.3AAluminum Properties and physical Metallurgy, Edited by John C. Hatch, Ameri-can Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1984
39、, pp. 201 203.BKunkle, D. E., and Willey, L. A., “Densities of Wrought Aluminum Alloys,” Journalof Materials, ASTM, Vol 1, No. 1, March 1966.CHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st Edition, CRC Press, 1991.DThe densities used for these elements are different than the handbook densitiesbecause of th
40、e metallurgical formations that normally occur in alloys containingthese elements.E252 06 (2013)3A2.1.2.6 The values determined in A2.1.2.5 are addedtogether and this sum is divided into the number 100. Theresult is the unrounded density in Mg/m3.A2.1.2.7 The final expression of density in metric un
41、its(Mg/m3) is obtained by rounding the value determined inA2.1.2.6 as follows:(1) For aluminum and aluminum alloys having a specifiedminimum aluminum content of 99.35 % or greater, the valueobtained is rounded to the nearest multiple of .005 andexpressed as X.XX0 or X.XX5.(2) For aluminum and alumin
42、um alloys having a specifiedminimum aluminum content less than 99.35 %, the valueobtained is rounded to the nearest multiple of .01 and ex-pressed as X.XX.NOTE A2.1Limiting the expression of density to the number ofdecimal places indicated above is based on the fact that compositionvariations are di
43、scernible from one cast to another for most alloys. Theexpression of density values to more decimal places than is outlined aboveinfers a higher precision than is justified and should not be used.A2.1.2.8 The density in g/in.3is calculated by multiplyingthe value obtained in A2.1.2.7 by 16.387 and r
44、ounding to twodecimal places.A2.2 AccuracyA2.2.1 The accuracy of the density arrived at by this methodis 60.3 % of the determined value for the common foil or sheetalloys and 6 0.5 % for highly alloyed compositions such as2024.A3. USE OF METHOD FOR POLYETHYLENE FILMA3.1 ScopeA3.1.1 This method is ap
45、plicable to a wide range of film,foil, or sheet. As an example of the slight modificationsrequired for adaptation to other materials, the procedurerecommended for polyethylene film of 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) andless in thickness is described.A3.2 ApparatusA3.2.1 A hand striking die is a convenient way t
46、o cut thespecimen. The precision blanking press with the polyethylenefilm on a piece of paper will also produce good results, but anyother method capable of the desired precision may be used.A3.3 Test SpecimenA3.3.1 Because of the lower density of polyethylene film, aminimum specimen of 16.000 6 0.0
47、16 in.2(103.23 6 0.10cm2) is recommended; other specimen sizes may be used asdiscussed in Annex A1. If there is evidence of surfacecontamination, the specimen may be wiped clean with a drycloth or tissue, but no solvent should be used.A3.4 CalculationsA3.4.1 The density of polyethylene film may be d
48、etermineddirectly by Test Method D1505. In many cases the film densitywill be known within the accuracy needed for this method(about 0.5 %) from specifications or previous experience.Polyethylene density is usually reported in g/cm3. To convertthis to g/in.3as needed in this calculation, multiply by
49、 16.39.TABLE A2.2 Precision for Standard Limits for Alloy Elements andImpuritiesLess than 1/1000% 0.0001/1000 to 1/100 % 0.001/100 to 1/10 %Unalloyed aluminum made by a refining process 0.0Alloys and unalloyed aluminum not made by arefining process0.00.01/10 through 1/2 % 0.Over 1/2 % 0., ., and soforth.E252 06 (2013)4SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E252 05)that may impact its use. (Approved in May 1, 2006.)(1) Changed the lithium inverse density factor
