1、Designation: E253 16E253 17Standard Terminology Relating toSensory Evaluation of Materials and Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E253; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2E284 Terminology of Appearance2. Terminologyabsolute judgment, nan evaluation of a stimulus made
3、 without direct comparison to other stimuli. (2007)acceptability/unacceptability, ndegree to which a stimulus is judged to be favorable or unfavorable. (2006)acuity, nthe ability to detect or discriminate sensory stimuli. (2007)adaptation, sensory, na decrease in sensitivity to a given stimulus whic
4、h occurs as a result of exposure to that stimulus. (2006)affective test, nany method to assess acceptance, liking, preference, or emotions for a stimulus or stimuli. (2008)after effects, ntotal array of sensations that occur after removal of the stimulus from the sensing field (for example, with foo
5、ds)or after application of the stimulus (for example, with non-foods). (2008)after feel, nfeel of the skin after application of a sample, with or without touching, usually measured at a specified time point.(2008)aftertaste, nthe oral or nasal sensations that occur after the stimulus has been remove
6、d from the oral cavity. See after effects.(2007)aguesia, nlack of sensitivity to taste stimuli. (1996)alternative forced choice (AFC), nmethod in which 2, 3, or more stimuli are presented, and assessors are given a criterion bywhich they are required to select one stimulus. (2008)DISCUSSIONTypical e
7、xamples include 2-AFC (directional different test) and 3-AFC (selecting the one stimulus among a set of three that differs in a definedattribute). (alpha) risk, nthe probability of concluding that a perceptible difference exists when, in reality, one does not. (2014)DISCUSSION risk also is known as
8、Type 1 Error or significance level.alternative forced choice (AFC) test, nmethod in which 2, 3, or more stimuli are presented, and assessors are given a criterionby which they are required to select one stimulus. (2008)DISCUSSION1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on S
9、ensory Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.01 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2016May 1, 2017. Published June 2016June 2017. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 asE253 15b.E253 16. DOI: 10.1520/E0253-16.10.1520/E0253-17.
10、2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to
11、 provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof
12、 the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Typical examples include 2-AFC (directional difference test) and 3-AFC (selecting the one stimulus among a se
13、t of three that differs in a definedattribute).anchoring point, na reference point against which other items are judged. (1996)anosmia, nlack of sensitivity to odor stimuli. (1996)Anot-A test, na method of discrimination testing comprised of at least two samples; at least one sample is a previouslyi
14、dentified sample (“A”) and at least one is a test sample. All samples are presented blindly, and the assessors task is to assignthe label “A” or “not-A” to each of the samples. (2001)antagonism, njoint action of two or more stimuli whose combination elicits a level of sensation lower than that expec
15、ted fromcombining the effects of each stimulus taken separately. (1996)aroma, nperception resulting from stimulating the olfactory receptors; in a broader sense, the term is sometimes used to referto the combination of sensations resulting from stimulation of the entire nasal cavity. (1996)DISCUSSIO
16、NAroma, odor, and smell have the same basic meaning; however, in common usage they may have different connotations.aromatic, nperception resulting from stimulating the olfactory receptors retronasally. (2010)assessor, na general term for any individual responding to stimuli in a sensory test. (2006)
17、DISCUSSIONThe terms assessor,judge,panelist,panel member, and respondent all have the same basic meaning, although sometimes different connotations. Usageof these terms varies with the training and experience of the investigator, habit, tradition, personal preference, and other factors.astringency,
18、nthe complex of sensations due to shrinking, drawing, or puckering of the epithelium as a result of exposure tosubstances such as alums or tannins. (1996)attitude, na predisposition to respond in a characteristic way toward a class of objects, concepts, or stimuli. (1996)attitude scale, na means for
19、 eliciting indications of the attitudes or opinions held, usually on a measuring system using marksor value designations. (1996)attribute, na perceived characteristic. (1996)audition, nthe sense of hearing. (1996)aversion, na predisposition to avoid a stimulus based on a feeling of discomfort or dis
20、like. (2011) (beta) risk, nthe probability of concluding that no perceptible difference exists when, in reality, one does. (2014)DISCUSSION risk also is known as Type II Error.bias, na systematic error manifested as a persistent positive or negative deviation of the method average from its accepted
21、truevalue. (2013)DISCUSSIONBias is a general term for any systematic deviation in a methods average from its accepted true value. In sensory, there are several commonly usedterms that relate to specific types or causes of bias. These include: sensory adaptation, context effect, contrast effect, conv
22、ergence effect, error ofexpectation, order effect, position effect, and response bias.bipolar scale, nscale where the end anchors are semantic opposites and there is an implied or anchored mid-point. (2008)DISCUSSIONExamples of semantic opposites are “too thin” to “too thick,” “dislike extremely” to
23、 “like extremely.”bite, chemical, nstinging experienced primarily in the oral cavity as a result of exposure to substances such as highly carbonatedbeverages. (1997)E253 172bitter, adjpertaining to the taste produced by substances such as quinine or caffeine when in solution. (2012)blinded, adjan el
24、ement of experimental control in which the identity or an aspect of a treatment, condition, or substance ishidden from the participant (single blind) or both the participant and the experimenter (double blind). (2008)body (food), nthe quality of a food or beverage relating either to its consistency,
25、 compactness of texture, fullness, flavor, orcombination thereof. (1997)brightness, nsee color (of an object). (2001) (For consensus technical definition see brightness in Terminology E284).burn, chemical, nperception of irritation resulting from exposure to substances such as ethyl alcohol, acetic
26、acid, and benzoate.The sensation tends to persist after the stimulus is removed. (2013)chemesthesis, nperception derived from chemical stimulation of the skin or other tissues, for example, menthol cooling,ammonia pungency. (2015)chroma, nsee color. (2001) (For consensus technical definition see chr
27、oma in Terminology E284).color (of an object), nthe appearance of an object dependent upon the spectral composition of radiant and incident light, thespectral reflectance or transmittance of the object, and the psychological response of the observer. The experience may bedescribed in terms of three
28、attributes: hue, brightness, and chroma. (2001) (For consensus technical definition see color inTerminology E284 as defined by Committee E12.)hueattribute of color related to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy and experienced as “red,” “green,” “blue,” and otherelements of the visible spectrum
29、.brightnessaspect of visual perception whereby an area appears to emit more or less light.chromaexperienced as color purity, attribute of color used to indicate the degree of departure of the color from a gray of thesame brightness.color blindness, ntotal or partial inability to differentiate certai
30、n hues. (1997)consumer, nthe user or potential user of a product or service, who may participate in research tests to provide opinions ofproducts, concepts or services. (2010)context effect, neffect upon the perception of a stimulus arising from its interrelationship with other stimuli in a presenta
31、tionset. (1997)contrast, visual, nthe degree of dissimilarity in appearance of two parts of a field of view seen simultaneously or successively.(1998)contrast effect, nspecial case of context effect in which the perceived degree of difference between stimuli is exaggerated as aresult of their interr
32、elationship. (1997)convergence, ntendency of a stimulus to be perceived as similar to prior stimulus or stimuli. (1997)convergence effect, nspecial case of context effect in which the perceived degree of difference between stimuli is diminishedas a result of their interrelationship. (1997)cooling, c
33、hemical, nsensation of reduced temperature experienced as a result of exposure to certain substances such as mentholor anise. The sensation usually persists after the stimulus is removed. (1997)cooling, physical, nsensation of reduced temperature experienced as a result of exposure to thermally cold
34、 substances, such asice; to substances that evaporate rapidly, such as acetone or alcohol; or to substances that have a negative heat of solution, suchas crystalline sorbitol. The duration of the sensation is usually limited to the time of direct contact with the stimulus. (1998)cutaneous sense, nan
35、y of the senses whose receptors lie in the skin or immediately beneath it (or in the external mucousmembranes): contact, pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. (1997)descriptive analysis, nany method to describe and quantify the sensory characteristics of stimuli by a panel of trained assessors.(1998)dif
36、ference limen, nSee threshold, difference. (1997)directional difference test, na paired comparison or 2-AFC (Alternative Forced Choice) method in which assessors select thestimulus from a pair of stimuli that is perceived to be higher or lower in intensity of a specified sensory attribute. (2009)dis
37、crimination, nthe process of qualitatively or quantitatively differentiating among stimuli. (1998)E253 173discrimination test, nany method to determine if differences among stimuli are perceptible. For example: triangle tests, duo-triotests, paired comparison tests, etc. (1998)duo-trio test, na meth
38、od of discrimination testing comprised of two coded samples and one identified reference. One of thecoded samples and the reference are samples of the same stimulus. The other coded sample is a sample of one other stimulus.The assessor is asked to select which of the two coded samples is different f
39、rom the reference or which of the two coded samplesis the same as the reference. (2012)DISCUSSIONStimuli can represent different lots of products, formulations, or processes, etc.expectation, error of, na bias due to preconceived ideas that influences an assessors judgment. (1999)end effect, neffect
40、 where the end points of a scale are used less frequently than other scale points. (2014)expert, na common term for a person with extensive experience in a product category who performs perceptual evaluations todraw conclusions about the effects of variations in raw materials, processing, storage, a
41、ging, etc. Experts often operate alone.(1995) (See also assessor and expert assessor.)expert assessor, nan assessor with a high degree of sensory acuity who has experience in the test procedure and establishedability to make consistent and repeatable sensory assessments. An expert assessor functions
42、 as a member of a sensory panel.(1995) (See also assessor and expert.)extended use testing, nsensory or consumer testing of a product over a time period that allows for multiple usage occasions.flavor, n(1) perception resulting from stimulating a combination of the taste buds, the olfactory organs,
43、and chemestheticreceptors within the oral cavity; (2) the combined effect of taste sensations, aromatics, and chemical feeling factors evoked bya substance in the oral cavity. (2001)fragrance, n(1) see aroma; (2) an aromatic substance. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe term fragrance is commonly used in household
44、 and personal care industries.free-choice profiling, na form of sensory profiling in which each assessor independently generates attributes to evaluate a groupof samples. The assessors attributes may be the same or may differ from sample to sample. The assessors sensory profiles arecombined statisti
45、cally (for example, by Generalized Procrustes Analysis) to produce a map of the samples. (2000)gloss, na shiny appearance resulting from the tendency of a surface to reflect light energy at one angle more than at others. (2000)(See reflectance, directional. For the consensus technical definition, se
46、e gloss in Terminology E284.)gustation, nthe sense of taste. (2011)heat, chemical, nsensation of increased temperature resulting from exposure to substances such as capsaicin or hot peppers. Thesensation tends to persist after the stimulus is removed.heat, physical, nsensation experienced as a resul
47、t of exposure to thermally hot substances such as water above 120F. Theduration of the sensation is usually limited to the time of direct contact with the stimulus.hedonic scale, na scale on which liking or disliking of a stimulus is expressed. (2000)hue, nsee color (of an object). (2001) (For conse
48、nsus technical definition see hue in Terminology E284.)intensity, nthe perceived magnitude of a stimulus. (2000)judge, nSee assessor. (2000)just-about-right scale, nbipolar scale used to measure the level of an attribute relative to an assessors ideal level, having amidpoint labeled “just about righ
49、t” or “just right.” (2007)just noticeable difference, nSee threshold, difference. (2000)kinesthesis, nperception of bodily movement or position. (2015)labeled affective magnitude scale (LAM), na type of labeled magnitude scale, with verbal labels related to liking and disliking.There is a neutral point in the center of the line scale and the opposing end anchors are “greatest imaginable like” and “greatestimaginable dislike.” See Fig. 1. (2015)E253 174DISCUSSIONThe remaining ve
