1、Designation: E272 10E272 15Standard Reference Radiographs forHigh-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper AlloyCastings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiograph
3、s illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring inhigh-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings.The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this documentand must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3).
4、 Categories and severity levels for eachdiscontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributesand classification criterion d
5、escribed in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of this standard.1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by 7-in. (127 by 178-mm) nominal size reproductions (twenty made from1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and twenty-f
6、ive madefrom 3-in. (76-mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to andincluding 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity category is forcomparison only with production radiographs pr
7、oduced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by thecategory. These reference radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates andare representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-str
8、ength copper and nickel-copperalloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard(see Note 2):1.2.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.1.2.1.1 AXUp to and including 2 inche
9、s (50.8 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.1.2 AGGreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “CodeADiscontinuity type” in previousrevisions).1.2.2 Category BInclusions1.2.2.1 BaSand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thicknes
10、s ranges.(1) BaXUp to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).(2) BaGGreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previousrevisions).1.2.2.2 BbDross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5
11、for two thickness ranges.(1) BbX-Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).(2) BbGgreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previousrevisions).1.2.3 Category CShrinkage; three types1
12、.2.3.1 Calinear shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for 2 inches to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) in thickness1.2.3.2 Cbfeathery shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Cdfeathery shrinkage” in previous revisions).1.2.3.3 Ccspo
13、ngy shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for 2 in. to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) in thickness(called “Cd spongy shrinkage” in previous revisions).NOTE 2Discontinuity classes designated with a subscript “X” were produced with low energy X-ray radiation; discontinuity classes designated
14、with1 These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.02on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2015. Published F
15、ebruary 2010September 2015. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as E272 - 99E272 - 10.(2004) 1. DOI: 10.1520/E0272-10.10.1520/E0272-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes h
16、ave been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official d
17、ocument.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1subscript “G” were produced with Cobalt 60 and/or 2 MV X-rays and are the same reference radiographs and thickness ranges used in previous editionsof this standard. Section 4 det
18、ails the significance and use of these reference radiographs.1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing
19、 for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance levelrepresented by the reference radiographs. T
20、herefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions
21、 to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
22、 determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B148 Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand CastingsB369 Specification for Copper-Nickel Alloy CastingsB584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General ApplicationsE94 Guide for
23、 Radiographic ExaminationE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are ChangedE192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace ApplicationsE446
24、Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 Military Specification:MIL-B-21230A Bronze, Nickel Aluminum and Manganese-Nickel Aluminum, Casting, Ship Propeller Application32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for H
25、igh-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this document, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under review for compliance with this standard.3.2.2
26、 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity characterized by its cause and appearance. For example: linear shrinkage is aspecific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system used for grouping discontinuity types. For example: linear shrinkage isassigned category “Ca” where “
27、C” represents the general shrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linear shrinkagediscontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in terms of “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of discontinuitieswhere “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity,
28、size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. Example: aseverity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires a higher level of workmanship fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned workmanship fabrication quality rating characterized by a dis
29、continuity type, categoryand severity level. For example: “Ca 2” is a discontinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.3.2.6 classification specificationa set of user defined acceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic workmanshipdiscontinuity class requiremen
30、ts for a specified user casting service application (see Sections 7 and 8).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that is assigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded illustrationa category of discontinuity without an assigned severity level.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantity, size and
31、distribution on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size area ofa reference radiograph. For example: a production radiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area of a referenceradiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the applicable reference radiograph is reduced pro
32、portionately.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Standardization Documents Order
33、 Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50984 Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0272.E272 1524. Significance and Use4.1 Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide tothe recogniti
34、on of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types mostcommon to these alloys are illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as hot tears, cracks and unfused chaplets are illustrated inapplicable Reference Radiographs E186, E192, and E446.
35、 For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and correspondingradiographic indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particulardiscontinuity classes (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability. (
36、See Sections 7 and 8.)4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.4.3 Procedures for evalu
37、ation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribedin Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it maybe appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modific
38、ations may be appropriate for the casting application, allsuch changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 10 addresses purchasersupplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.4.4 The followingASTM specifications illustrate alloys that may
39、 be used with these standards. It is intended that these referenceradiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications.Alloys ASTM SpecificationsAAluminum Bronze B148Nickel-Aluminum Bronze B148Copper-Nickel B369Manganese Bronze B584Alloys Government SpecificationAManga
40、nese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze MIL-B-21230AAlloy No. 2.Nickel-Copper MIL-B-21230AAlloy No. 2.A See Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).5. Descriptions of Discontinuities5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in the identification and classification of discontinuities
41、. They briefly describethe radiographic appearance of common types of discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.5.1.1 Gas HolesAppear as round or elongated smooth-edged dark spots which may occur either individually, in clusters, ordistributed throughout the casting section. They are general
42、ly caused by trapped air or mold gases.NOTE 3Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or cavitiessomewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recommended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the
43、use of the feathery or spongyshrinkage category reference radiographs.5.1.2 ShrinkageShrinkage is generally associated with improper feeding and manifests itself in the following differentindication forms:5.1.2.1 Sponge ShrinkageFound in heavier sections (generally over 2 in. in thickness). It appea
44、rs on the radiographs as a darkarea or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuse outline.5.1.2.2 Feathery ShrinkageFound in thinner sections (under approximately 2 in.). It appears on radiographs as sponge butwith a more feathery outline.5.1.2.3 Linear ShrinkageUsually a continuous structure of
45、 connected lines, branches or network of variable length, width, anddensity.5.1.3 Hot TearsThe similarly appearing “hot tear” and “linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The followinginformation is presented as a guide to interpreters to minimize confusion in distinguishing hot tears fr
46、om linear shrinkage:5.1.3.1 Hot tears usually occur singly; shrinkage will generally be multiple.5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkage appears to propagate at or near the midsection.5.1.3.3 Hot tears generally occur at hot spots or section changes; linear shrinkage frequently
47、 occurs at uniform sections also.5.1.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients are high; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.5.1.3.5 Hot tears occur transverse to the direction of greatest stress.5.1.3.6 Hot tears can only be counteracted by altering the stress pattern or ther
48、mal pattern; shrinkage can always be counteredby sufficient feed metal.5.1.4 Nonmetallic Inclusions:5.1.4.1 SandIrregularly, angularly shaped indications, more dense than the background, caused by clumps of trapped sandparticles or pebbles.5.1.4.2 DrossA series of lines in a swirl pattern sometimes
49、combined with agglomerated irregular indications. Dross isgenerally considered to represent oxidized metal.E272 1536. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I film systemsusing methods described in 1.2, including the use of manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze plate castings. Table 1 lists the chemicalcomposition and mechanical property limits for the alloy type used. The original radiographs were made with penetrametersensitivity, as determined by ASTM pen
